tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-215693112024-03-13T14:51:55.100+10:00اطلس تصویریA T L A SUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-3632564990051990962011-02-24T14:34:00.011+10:002011-02-24T14:51:43.210+10:00E T H I O P I A - اتیوپی<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbFhVxFAVg6I9V5kKO_UXDFoknXQsYN5LTsD6O5Kjj_gKtY2_H9P0NkeaQV-2gSd0Qz07s86NycKFYvkz1c4TVZPjbaTYy2Mubzkp2zduUsssg_GofVTGXC22JocILlkCyzi2cyQ/s1600/01Ethiopia_Afar_Erta+Ale+lava+lake2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577111612388665538" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 275px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbFhVxFAVg6I9V5kKO_UXDFoknXQsYN5LTsD6O5Kjj_gKtY2_H9P0NkeaQV-2gSd0Qz07s86NycKFYvkz1c4TVZPjbaTYy2Mubzkp2zduUsssg_GofVTGXC22JocILlkCyzi2cyQ/s400/01Ethiopia_Afar_Erta+Ale+lava+lake2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjC1efn-fU3Vr7m2h-zPuYKadarp0vXg_4Z1saIeMt79mO3Eon1MGb2KoO478BfhUsdaN0fi24dhLfhW1bDHBgwzDo2_urxRB61_MtyKDFDYOikEIngwTXJ16UXQSUq1OX76LhLA/s1600/02Ethiopia_Afar_Erta+Ale+lava+lake1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577111607900708114" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 308px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_MvA_GAlMXPatTLAA0szdr8Dki4KkVDwDY0ljKrrBJLb45X8vylwPRscD6dWk64VOmMphZOmXafgfu54YHZ5WvLkssjbQiFFxvcNXqUK_oNQdl1ZbEDr0beKkU_QUskGGWd7H6g/s400/22Ethiopia_Afar_A+Woman.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div dir="ltr" align="left"></div><p dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Overview:</span></strong></p><p dir="ltr" align="left">Ethiopia is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa, and officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 85.2 million people and the tenth-largest by area, with its 1,100,000 km2. The capital is Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the south.<br />Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. When Africa was divided up by European powers at the Berlin Conference (1884), Ethiopia was one of only two countries that retained its independence. Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule with the exception of a short-lived Italian occupation from 1936-41. In 1974, a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994, and Ethiopia's first multiparty elections were held in 1995.<br />The country is a land of natural contrasts, with waterfalls and volcanic hot springs. Ethiopia has some of Africa's highest mountains as well as some of the world's lowest points below sea level. The largest cave in Africa is located in Ethiopia at Sof Omar, and the country's northernmost area at Dallol is one of the hottest places year-round anywhere on Earth. There are altogether around 80 different ethnic groups in Ethiopia today, with the two largest being the Oromo and the Amhara, both of which speak Afro-Asiatic languages. The country is also famous for its Olympic gold medalists, rock-hewn churches and as the place where the coffee bean originated. Currently, Ethiopia is the top coffee and honey-producing country in Africa, and home to the largest livestock population in Africa. Ethiopia has close historical ties to all three of the world's major Abrahamic religions. It was one of the first Christian countries in the world, having officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century. It still has a Christian majority, but a third of the population is Muslim. Ethiopia is the site of the first hijra in Islamic history and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. Until the 1980s, a substantial population of Ethiopian Jews resided in Ethiopia. The country is also the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari religious movement.<br />Ethiopia, which has Africa's second biggest hydropower potential, is the source of over 85% of the total Nile water flow and contains rich soils, but it nevertheless underwent a series of famines in the 1980s, exacerbated by adverse geopolitics and civil wars, resulting in the death of hundreds of thousands. Slowly, however, the country has begun to recover, and today Ethiopia has the biggest economy in East Africa as the Ethiopian economy is also one of the fastest growing in the world. It is a regional powerhouse in the Horn and east Africa. The country remains politically fragile.<br /></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Geography:<br /></span>Location</strong>: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia<br /><strong>Area</strong>: 1,104,300 sq km<br /><strong>Country comparison to the world</strong>: 27<br /><strong>Climate</strong>: Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation<br /><strong>Terrain</strong>: High plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley<br /><strong>Elevation extremes</strong>:<br /><strong>Lowest point</strong>: Danakil Depression -125 m<br /><strong>Highest point</strong>: Ras Dejen 4,533 m<br /><strong>Natural resources</strong>: Small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower<br /><strong>Natural hazards</strong>: Geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts<br /></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" align="left"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">People</span></strong><br /><strong>Population</strong>: 88,013,491<br /><strong>Country comparison to the world</strong>: 14<br /><br /><strong>Age structure</strong>:<br />0-14 years: 46.1%<br />15-64 years: 51.2%<br />65 years and over: 2.7%<br /><br /><strong>Population growth rate</strong>: 3.202% (2010 est.)<br /><br /><strong>Urbanization</strong>: 17% of total population (2010)<br /><br /><strong>Sex ratio</strong>:<br />At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female<br />Under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female<br />15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female<br />65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female<br />total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)<br /><br /><strong>Life expectancy at birth</strong>:<br />Total population: 55.8 years<br />Country comparison to the world: 196<br />Male: 53.28 years<br />Female: 58.39 years (2010 est.)<br /><br /><strong>Total fertility rate</strong>:<br />6.07 children born/woman (2010 est.)<br />Country comparison to the world: 8<br /><br /><strong>HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate</strong>:<br />2.1% (2007 est.)<br />Country comparison to the world: 31<br /><br /><strong>HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS</strong>:<br />980,000 (2007 est.)<br />Country comparison to the world: 12<br /><br /><strong>HIV/AIDS - deaths</strong>:<br />67,000 (2007 est.)<br />Country comparison to the world: 11<br /><br /><strong>Nationality</strong>:<br />Noun: Ethiopian(s)<br />Adjective: Ethiopian<br /><br /><strong>Ethnic groups</strong>:<br />Oromo 34.5%, Amara 26.9%, Somalie 6.2%, Tigraway 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Guragie 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Affar 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, other 11.3% (2007 Census)<br /><br /><strong>Religions</strong>:<br />Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%, Protestant 18.6%, traditional 2.6%, Catholic 0.7%, other 0.7% (2007 Census)<br /><br /><strong>Languages</strong>:<br />Amarigna (Amharic) (official) 32.7%, Oromigna (official regional) 31.6%, Tigrigna (official regional) 6.1%, Somaligna 6%, Guaragigna 3.5%, Sidamigna 3.5%, Hadiyigna 1.7%, other 14.8%, English (official) (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic (official) (1994 census)<br /><br /><strong>Literacy</strong>:<br />Definition: age 15 and over can read and write<br />Total population: 42.7%<br />Male: 50.3%<br />Female: 35.1% (2003 est.)<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Government</span></strong><br /><strong>Country name</strong>:<br /><strong>Conventional long form</strong>: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia<br /><strong>Former</strong>: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa<br /><strong>Abbreviation</strong>: FDRE<br /><br /><strong>Government type</strong>:<br />Federal republic<br /><br /><strong>Capital</strong>:<br />Name: Addis Ababa<br /><br /><strong>Independence</strong>:<br />Oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years<br /><br /><strong>Flag description</strong>:<br />three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red, with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represents hope and the fertility of the land, yellow symbolizes justice and harmony, while red stands for sacrifice and heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolizes peace and the pentagram represents the unity and equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia<br />Note: Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three main colors of her flag (adopted ca. 1895) were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag was added in 1996<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">Economy</span></strong><br /><strong>Labor force</strong>:<br />37.9 million (2007)<br />Country comparison to the world: 17<br /><br /><strong>Labor force - by occupation</strong>:<br />Agriculture: 85%<br />Industry: 5%<br />Services: 10% (2009 est.)<br /><br /><strong>Population below poverty line</strong>:<br />38.7%</p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" align="left"><strong>Agriculture - products</strong>:<br />Cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, potatoes, qat, cut flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish<br /><br /><strong>Industries</strong>:<br />Food processing, beverages, textiles, leather, chemicals, metals processing, cement<br /><br /><span style="font-size:180%;"><strong>Other Info</strong>:</span><br /><strong>Broadcast media</strong>:<br />1 public TV broadcast station broadcasting nationally and 1 public radio broadcaster<br /><br /><strong>Internet country code</strong>:<br />.et<br /><br /><strong>Transportation</strong><br /><strong>Airports</strong>: 61 (2010)<br /><strong>Country comparison to the world</strong>: 79<br /><br /><strong>Military service age and obligation</strong>:<br />18 years of age for voluntary military service; no compulsory military service, but the military can conduct call-ups when necessary and compliance is compulsory (2009)<br /></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-74656015874173581122010-09-02T15:22:00.008+10:002010-09-02T15:46:03.327+10:00E S T O N I A - استونی<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQamKK3vWbOvrXEw9u92OIBj4hyphenhyphenH7ti4Z3Lfrj2JzR7mg83hqJBPpWVrxflz1gqYzP5PCbpRhh4drN1M_Rd0omu5gulK11MQFdCWyCpR4ncNlPhobCc9Y8KU-GxUWIh-4P7r4Sg/s1600/04Estonia+Map2.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 391px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5512183402620192546" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPz0VPmJ9oY8FZA0bioDe2uEMy6rOP9pR-gqeFxptRVxbI6tH0If9Wx5zqF73-QSBxPzQ0bzyqdinPateg0nFz_VNV0mE3NRxlAr_WEQYpGqk0LTrP1p_59ZuWnQN4zWPrXm79xg/s400/27Estonia+Tallinn13.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjos8OQo8h5UIAP6jzpMUECLBcPQOAg4RU-odqnJdh69UJtg2wy7UftNgEfbZsz-zhgqLNnG4TAosK-Goep-uyZ3x-AbVVcN6MKQyT5H1cQYN4P-n3m0d2Yo8egWe9SJHVCeL4DIA/s1600/26Estonia+Tilsi01.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 251px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5512183393457349026" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjos8OQo8h5UIAP6jzpMUECLBcPQOAg4RU-odqnJdh69UJtg2wy7UftNgEfbZsz-zhgqLNnG4TAosK-Goep-uyZ3x-AbVVcN6MKQyT5H1cQYN4P-n3m0d2Yo8egWe9SJHVCeL4DIA/s400/26Estonia+Tilsi01.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPwMrJ6LIGZiEDZEf999PW8LpmovBmljYOXnWLDhCzk8wRCNHHQiLuPFqBxPlY0ky5chzV5f0VpzO2WzqbIdsOzsOKScyI_4tgRulWqTTrGiFONXt9Q78c22CAkVBfOlgTf6CVw/s1600/25Estonia+Tartu04.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5512183381573988498" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPwMrJ6LIGZiEDZEf999PW8LpmovBmljYOXnWLDhCzk8wRCNHHQiLuPFqBxPlY0ky5chzV5f0VpzO2WzqbIdsOzsOKScyI_4tgRulWqTTrGiFONXt9Q78c22CAkVBfOlgTf6CVw/s400/25Estonia+Tartu04.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" align="left"></div><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" align="left"></div><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" align="left">Estonia officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia and to the east by the Russian Federation. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the Estonian language is closely related to Finnish.<br /><br />The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. 98 AD) described a people called the Aestii. Human settlement in Estonia became possible 11,000 to 13,000 years ago, when the ice from the last glacial era melted away.<br /><br />Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 meters. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C inland in July, the warmest month, and from −3.5 °C on the Baltic islands to −7.6 °C inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 °C. The average precipitation in 1961–1990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm per year. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes. Tallinn is the capital and the largest city of Estonia. It lies on the northern coast of Estonia, along the Gulf of Finland. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-88995488805867285822010-02-04T17:34:00.010+10:002010-02-04T17:49:42.580+10:00اریتره - E R I T R E A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3ldiAzY2Y4do65BxaoGAxgoyuSfLZiDGo5aq81F7IXmwTk5sBAEBvEr8Ut8N19bU2KAsFMJPbveDJOt3JuDgF_jUegDhBELgw7cOGUD3tHG3Ox-3d_oL66XqOQ0VOypFXOQG5Bw/s1600-h/01Eritrea+Debre+Bizen+monastery.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 258px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5434291482176786386" border="0" alt="" 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400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5434290411395097202" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9v03ZKR0tYHLVv9Acn466V_2fQExtHTuB1PrSQ76hP0Cs0vgAnn4KJvtiwoO1LTY1hcTOR5Js8GwsrgtBvF7I0k8AsQLPktBUIj_vGWdUIHczCtnOjnLpL6YuXYa_cHZ1gt5nw/s400/25Eritrea+Asmara+Eritrean+Girl4.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYLC0uAG-283fmO9XV38-4OSSfs8G0WwTVCvKGL5RleUJKYBFYBuTDpzg3-Bvcyj18ikExpNKt_yurLvvYzTkxdbkoU873zagTLhFNq8dPoST5KiL3qOfS-DFXKvx7kXD5DlrAAw/s1600-h/24Eritrea+Asmara+Eritrean+Girl.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5434290406051017986" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYLC0uAG-283fmO9XV38-4OSSfs8G0WwTVCvKGL5RleUJKYBFYBuTDpzg3-Bvcyj18ikExpNKt_yurLvvYzTkxdbkoU873zagTLhFNq8dPoST5KiL3qOfS-DFXKvx7kXD5DlrAAw/s400/24Eritrea+Asmara+Eritrean+Girl.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div dir="rtl" align="right">اریتره (نام رسمی: ایالت اریتره)، کشوری است واقع در شاخ آفریقا که از غرب با سودان، از جنوب شرقی با جیبوتی و از جنوب با اتیوپی همسایه است. شرق و شمال این کشور (بیش از 1000 کیلومتر) به دریای سرخ منتهی میشود. فاصله اریتره تا یمن و عربستان سعودی به ترتیب 60 و 275 کیلومتر است. وسعت اریتره 117600 کیلومتر مربع است (صدمین کشور از لحاظ وسعت). بر اساس تخمین سی آی اِی در جولای 2009، جمعیت اریتره 5647168 نفر (108 در جهان) است. اریتره بیش از 300 جزیره در دریای سرخ دارد.<br /><br /><strong>شهرهای مهم اریتره:<br />أسمراه</strong> (به معنی زندگی در آرامش): پایتخت این کشور آفریقایی است که جمعیتی بالغ بر 579000 نفر (پر جمعیتترین شهر اریتره) دارد. ارتفاع أسمراه از سطح دریا 2400 متر است. أسمراه نخستین بار در اواخر دهه 1930 میلادی، زمان امپراتوری یوهانس چهارم در اتیوپی، با ایجاد چهار روستا شکل گرفت. بنیتو موسیلینی با تأسیس این شهر قصد ایجاد "روم کوچک" در آفریقا را داشت تا دومین امپراتوری روم را توسعه دهد. پس از سرنگونی موسیلینی، هایله سلاسی اول امپراتور اتیوپی بر أسمراه تسلط یافت و اکنون پایتخت اریتره است.<br /><br /><strong>کِرِن</strong>: دومین شهر بزرگ اریتره که در شمال غربی أسمراه واقع شده است. جمعیت این شهر در سال 2005، 86483 برآورد شده است. کرن مرکز درگیری ارتش ایتالیا و بریتانیا در جنگ جهانی (1941) دوم بوده است.<br /><br /><strong>مصوع</strong>: از مهمترین بندرهای اریتره است که جمعیتی بالغ بر 36700 نفر در آن زندگی میکنند. مصوع، در طول تاریخ بندری کلیدی برای ارتش مصر، عثمانی، ایتالیا و بریتانیا بوده است. مصوع تا سال 1900 مرکز منطقه محسوب میشده تا این که مرکز به أسمراه منتقل شده است.<br /><br /><strong>عصب</strong>: بندری در جنوبی ترین قسمت اریتره است که فاصلهاش با خاک یمن 60 کیلومتر است. جمعیت این شهر حدوداً 40000 نفر است. در گذشته ذخایر نفتی این منطقه موجب رونق عصب بوده تا این که در سال 1997 پالایشگاه نفت عصب به دلیل مشکلات محیط زیستی تعطیل شده است.<br /><br /><strong>اطلاعات عمومی:</strong></div><br /><br /><div dir="rtl" align="right"><strong>آب و هوا:</strong> اریتره آب و هوایی ملایم در قسمتهای کوهستانی دارد، اما نواحی پست این کشور بسیار گرم است. هوا معمولاً آفتابی و گرم است. فصل بارندگی در فاصله خرداد تا شهریور است، اما در بهمن تا فروردین هم بارندگیهای کوتاه رخ میدهد. بارندگی سالانه در کوهستانهای اریتره به 610 میلیمتر در سال نیز میرسد. بلندترین نقطه اریتره 3018 متر و پست ترین نقطه 75- متر از سطح دریا هستند.<br /><br /><strong><br />زبان</strong>: اریتره از معدود کشورهایی است که زبان رسمی ندارد ولی "تیگرینا" و عربی دو زبان رایج این کشور هستند. زبان انگلیسی و ایتالیایی هم زبانهای شناخته شدهای در سطح جامعه هستند. مسلمانان اریتره از زبان عربی استفاده میکنند و مسیحیان از زبان "تیگرینا". زبان امهریک (اتیوپی) هم از سال 1956 و در زمان تسلط اتیوپی بر اریتره زبان رسمی این کشور بود و هم اینک مهاجرین اتیوپیایی از این زبان استفاده میکنند.<br /><br /><strong>دین</strong>: اسلام و مسیحیت دو دین رایج در اریتره هستند. نسبت گرایش به این دو دین تقریباً برابر است.<br /><br /><strong>منابع طبیعی</strong>: طلا، پتاسیم، روی، مس، نمک، ماهی، نفت و گاز طبیعی<br /><br /><strong>فرودگاه</strong>: سه فرودگاه بینالمللی در اریتره وجود دارد. أسمراه، مصوع و عصب شهرهای صاحب فرودگاه بینالمللی هستند. از ماه مارچ 2007 تمام پروازهای بینالمللی در أسمراه مینشینند. قاهره (مصر)، فرانکفورت (آلمان)، دوبی (امارات متحده عربی)، جده (عربستان سعودی)، خارطوم (سودان)، نایروبی (کنیا) و صنعا (یمن) پرواز مستقیم به أسمراه دارند.<br /><br /><strong>اینترنت</strong>: 200000 نفر کاربر اینترنت (3.5%)<br /><br /><strong>تاریخ اریتره:</strong><br />اریتره همواره در طول تاریخ هدف تاراج بوده است. اعراب، عثمانیها، پرتقالیها (از گوا در هند)، مصریان، اتیوپیاییها، سودانیها، انگلیسیها و ایتالیاییها، همگی در طول تاریخ به اریتره تعرض کردهاند. اما اریتره کنونی بیش از همه متأثر از هجوم ایتالیاییها به این سرزمین است.<br />در سال 1869 یک کشیش کاتولیک ایتالیایی به نام جوزپه ساپتو از طرف یک شرکت حمل و نقل ایتالیایی به نام روباتینو زمینی را در محل کنونی عصب از یک زمین دار عثمانی خرید. در همین سال بود که کانال سوئز دریای سرخ را به دریای مدیترانه متصل کرد. در سال 1882 دولت ایتالیا عصب را به عنوان یک انبار ذغال سنگ برای خود معرفی کرد. در آغاز سال 1890 ایتالیا اریتره را مستعمره خود کرد و پادشاهی ایتالیا از آن زمان تا سال 1941 بر این سرزمین حکمرانی کرد. بین سالهای 1936 و 1941 بنیتو موسیلینی، اریتره، اتیوپی و سومالی را متحد نمود تا امپراطوری کوچکی در منطقه ایجاد کند. اریتره در دوران استعمار ایتالیا به سرعت در صنعت پیشرفت کرد به طوری که اکثر جادهها و راهآهن کنونی اریتره مربوط به آن دوران میباشد. بعد از فروپاشی فاشیسم در جنگ جهانی دوم توسط ارتش متحده، انگلستان زمام امور در اریتره را در دست گرفت.<br />اریتره از سال 1961 تا حدود سی سال درگیر جنگ با کشور همسایه خود، اتیوپی بود تا به استقلال برسد. در سال 1962 امپراطور اتیوپی (هایله سیلاسی اول) اریتره را استان چهاردهم اتیوپی نامید. پس از این مردم اریتره با تشکیل "جبهه آزادی بخش اریتره (ELF)" به مبارزه با اتیوپی برخاستند. در ابتدا ELF از مسلمانانی تشکیل شده بود که توسط مسلمانان مصر حمایت میشد تا جامعه متحد اعراب را گسترش دهد. نگرش دینی-ایدئولوژیکی این جنبش باعث چند دستگی در آن شد، تا این که جبهه ملی آزادی بخش اریتره (EPLF) شکل گرفت که بر اساس مفاهیم مارکسیستی استوار بود. در دهه 1970 درگیریهای شدیدی بین این دو جبهه شکل گرفت.<br />جبهه آزادی بخش اریتره در دهه هفتاد میلادی و پس از انقلاب سوسیالیستی اتیوپی علیه حکومت پادشاهی تا مرز پیروزی و در دست گرفتن قدرت در اریتره نیز پیشرفت. اما برکناری حاکم وقت اریتره توسط شوروی و حمایت شوروی از اتیوپی باعث تضعیف جبهه آزادی بخش اریتره گردید.<br />بعد از فروپاشی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی در سال 1989، EPLF بر شدت مبارزات خود افزود تا جایی که بندر مصوع را اشغال کرد. در ماههای آغازین سال 1991 همه اریتره به جز پایتخت این کشور تحت تصرف جبهه آزادی بخش اریتره در آمده بود. در ماه می 1991 أسمراه هم به دست اریترهای افتاد و منگیتسو هایلنماریام، رهبر اتیوپیایی اریتره به زیمبابووه فرار کرد که هنوز هم در این کشور زندگی میکند.<br />مواجهه با منابع محدود مالی و کشوری خسته از سی سال جنگ، باعث شد تا دولت اریتره تلاش دو چندانی برای بازسازی کشور و نیروی نظامی خود انجام دهد.<br />در سال 1994 رابطه اریتره و سودان تیره شد و دلیل آن ادعای اریتره مبنی بر حمایت سودان از گروهک تروریستیای بود که قصد بر هم زدن آرامش در اریتره را داشت. روابط دیپلماتیک دو کشور پس از 11 سال (2005) و در پی نشست قطر در سال 1999، دوباره به حالت عادی بازگشت.<br />در سال 1998، جنگ دیگری بین اریتره با اتیوپی بر سر منطقه مرزیای به نام بدمه در گرفت. در سال 2000 توافق نامه الجزایر سعی در حل اختلافات داشت و حق مالکیت را بر بدمه را به اریتره داد، اما اتیوپی از پذیرش قطعنامه سرباز زد و نیروهایش را در این منطقه نگه داشت. این منطقه هنوز مورد ادعای هر دو طرف است. در خلال این اختلاف با اتیوپی، به دلیل حمایت جیبوتی از اتیوپی، رابطه اریتره با جیبوتی هم تیره شد و پس مدتی بازگشت به حالت نرمال دوباره این رابطه به تنش انجامید و هنوز هم متشنج است.<br />مشکلات اریتره بر سر استقلال مرزی با یمن هم دیده میشود. جزیره حنیش بین سال 1996 تا 1998 مورد اختلاف دو کشور بود تا این که به حکم دادگاهی در سال 2000 این اختلاف به پایان رسید.<br /></div><br /><br /><br /><div dir="ltr" align="left"><br /><br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />Eritrea officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea which extends more than 1000 km, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Its size is just under 117,600 km2 (45,560 sq mi) with an estimated population of 5 million. The capital is Asmara.<br /><br /><strong>Population</strong>:<br />5,647,168 (July 2009 est.)<br />Country comparison to the world: 108<br /><br /><strong>Major Cities</strong><br /><strong>Asmara</strong> meaning "Live in Peace" is the capital city and largest settlement in Eritrea, home to a population of around 579,000 people, at an elevation of 2,400 meters. Asmara started with four villages, to being a regional center under Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia, to "Little Rome" of Benito Mussolini's unsuccessful second Roman Empire, to being a provincial capital under Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and lastly a national capital of Eritrea.<br /><br /><strong>Keren</strong> (formerly Cheren) is the second largest city in Eritrea, lying North West of Asmara. As of 2005, the population of this city has been estimated to be 86,483. Keren was the site of a key battle between Italian and British troops in 1941.<br /><br /><strong>Massawa</strong>, also known as Mitsiwa is a port city on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea. Important for many centuries, it has been colonised by Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Britain and was finally part of Ethiopia until the independence of Eritrea in 1991. Massawa was the capital of the Italian Colony of Eritrea until this was moved to Asmara in 1900. Population is 36,700.<br /><br /><strong>Assab</strong> is a port city in the Southern Red Sea Region of Eritrea on the west coast of the Red Sea. In 1989, it had a population of 39,600. Assab possesses an oil refinery which was shut down in 1997 for economical reasons. Nearby is the site of the ancient city of Arsinoe.<br /><br /><strong>Geography</strong><br />The country has a high central plateau that varies from 1,800 to 3,000 meters (5,906 to 9,843 ft) above sea level. Coastal plain, western lowlands and some 300 islands comprise the remainder of Eritrea's land mass. Eritrea has no year-round rivers.<br /><br />The climate is temperate in the mountains and hot in the lowlands. Asmara, the capital, is about 3,000 meters (9,843 ft) above sea level. Maximum temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F). The weather is usually sunny and dry, with the short or belg rains occurring February-April and the big or meher rains beginning in late June and ending in mid-September.<br /><br /><strong>Area</strong>:<br />Total: 124 320 km²<br /><br /><strong>Climate</strong>: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 610 mm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert.<br /><br /><strong>Lowest point</strong>: near Lake Kulul within the Afar Depression −75 m<br /><strong>Highest point</strong>: Soira 3018 m<br /><br /><strong>Language</strong><br />Eritrea does not have official languages as such, but Tigrinya and Arabic are the most used. English and Italian are widely understood and also are spoken especially by residents of the capital, Asmara. Tigrinya and Arabic were the official languages from 1952 to 1956 and continue to be the foremost languages, Tigrinya among the Christians and Arabic among the Muslims.<br />As part of a gradual nullification of Eritrean autonomy under Ethiopian rule, Amharic became the official language in 1956. Today it is spoken predominately by people of Eritrean descent who were forced from their homes in Ethiopia.<br />English is used in the government's international communication and is the language of instruction in all formal education beyond the fifth grade.<br /><br /><strong>Religion</strong><br />Eritrea has two dominant religions, Islam and Christianity, with approximately half of the population belonging to each faith. Most Muslims follow Sunni Islam.<br /><br /><strong>Natural resources</strong>:<br />Gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish<br /><br /><strong>Airport</strong><br />There are three international airports, one in the capital, Asmara International Airport and the two others in the coastal cities, Massawa (Massawa International Airport) and Assab (Assab International Airport). The airport in Asmara receives all international flights into the country as of March 2007, as well as being the main airport for domestic flights. Cairo, Frankfurt, Dubai, Jeddah, Khartoum, Nairobi, Sana’a<br /><br /><strong>Internet users</strong>:<br />200,000 (2008)<br /><br /><strong>History</strong><br />From across the seas came various invaders (and colonizers) such as the South Arabians hailing from the present-day Yemen area, the Ottoman Turks, the Portuguese from Goa (India), the Egyptians, the British and, in the 19th century, the Italians. Over the centuries, invaders also came from the neighbouring countries of Africa to the south (Ethiopia) and to the west (Sudan). However, present-day Eritrea was largely impacted by the Italian invaders in the 19th century.<br /><br />Italian colonisation arguably began with the purchase of the locality of Assab by a Roman Catholic priest by the name of Giuseppe Sapeto acting on behalf of a Genovese shipping company called "Rubattino" who bought the land from the Afar Sultan of Obock (a vassal of the Ottomans) in 1869. This happened in the same year as the opening of the Suez Canal. Assab was acquired by Italy (1882) who found the port inadequate for exploitation of its hinterlands, and came to use Assab as a coaling station.<br /><br />Italy declared Eritrea a territory of Italy as of New Years Day 1890. The Kingdom of Italy ruled Eritrea from 1890 to 1941. Approximately 100,000 Italian colonists settled during the 1930s in the Colonia Primigenia (as Eritrea was called by the Italians, meaning they considered Eritrea their first and most important colony), mainly in Asmara.<br /><br />Between 1936 and 1941, Dictator Benito Mussolini briefly created the Italian Empire, with the short-lived union of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland. Eritrea enjoyed considerable industrialization and development of modern infrastructure during Italian rule (such as roads and the Eritrean Railway). The Italians remained the colonial power in Eritrea throughout the lifetime of Fascism and the beginnings of World War II, until they were defeated by Allied forces in 1941, and Eritrea came under British administration.<br /><br />Barely 10 years into the federation with Ethiopia, in 1961, had the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence begun, following the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.<br /><br />The Emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<br /><br />The ELF was initially a conservative grass-roots movement dominated by Muslim lowlanders. The ELF received backing from Nasser's Egypt as part of a policy of expanding Arab Nationalist political influence in the region (some Eritreans were Arabic-speakers - one of the rather loose conditions for being part of the 'Arab Nation').<br /><br />Following the decline of the Soviet Union in 1989 and diminishing support for the Ethiopian war, Eritrean rebels advanced further, capturing the port of Massawa and putting the Ethiopian and Soviet naval capabilities there out of action. By 1990 and early 1991 virtually all Eritrean territory had been liberated by the EPLF except for the capital, whose only connection with the rest of government-held Ethiopia during the last year of the war was by an air-bridge. In 1991, the Ethiopian army finally capitulated and its leader Mengistu Hailemariam fled to Zimbabwe where he resides to this day. Eritrean rebels entered the capital Asmara and began to govern Eritrea on May 24, 1991.<br /><br />Independence was declared on May 24, 1993.<br /><br />Upon Eritrea's declaration of independence, the leader of the EPLF, Isaias Afewerki, became Eritrea's first Provisional President.<br /><br />Faced with limited economic resources and a country shattered by decades of war, the government embarked on a reconstruction and defense effort, later called the Warsai Yikalo Program (economic recovery programs), based on the labour of national servicemen and women. It is still continuing and deploys the conscripted, which is drawn from anyone male or female who has graduated high school, into a combination of duties ranging from military service to construction projects, health care, teaching and training/education as well as agricultural work to improve the country's food security.<br /><br />Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with Sudan in 1994, citing that the latter was hosting Islamic terrorist groups to destabilize Eritrea, and both countries entered into an acrimonious relationship, each accusing the other of hosting various opposition rebel groups or "terrorists" and soliciting outside support to destabilize the other. Diplomatic relations were resumed in 2005 following a reconciliation agreement reached with the help of Qatar's negotiation in 1999.<br /><br />Perhaps the conflict with the deepest impact on independent Eritrea has been the renewed hostility with Ethiopia. In 1998, a border war with Ethiopia over the town of Badme occurred. The Eritrean-Ethiopian War ended in 2000 with a negotiated agreement known as the Algiers Agreement, which assigned an independent, UN-associated boundary commission known as the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC), whose task was to clearly identify the border between the two countries and issue a final and binding ruling. Along with the agreement the UN established a temporary security zone consisting of a 25-kilometre demilitarized buffer zone within Eritrea, running along the length of the disputed border between the two states and patrolled by UN troops in the mission named UNMEE. Ethiopia was to withdraw to positions held before the outbreak of hostilities in May 1998. The peace agreement would be completed with the implementation of the Border Commission's ruling, also ending the task of the peacekeeping mission of UNMEE. The EEBC's verdict came in April 2002, which awarded Badme to Eritrea. However, Ethiopia refused to withdraw its military from positions in the disputed areas, including Badme, and also refused to implement the EEBC's ruling, and the dispute is ongoing.<br /><br />Eritrea's diplomatic relations with Djibouti were briefly severed during the border war with Ethiopia in 1998 due to a dispute over Djibouti's intimate relation with Ethiopia during the war but were restored and normalized in 2000.[32] Relations are again tense due to a renewed border dispute.[33] Similarly, Eritrea and Yemen had a border conflict between 1996 to 1998 over the Hanish Islands and the maritime border, which was resolved in 2000 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-74275693822849205572009-12-02T11:17:00.012+10:002009-12-02T18:35:46.565+10:00E Q U A T O R I A L _ G U I N E A<div align="right">این کشور کوچک آفریقایی با مساحتی حدود 28051 کیلومتر مربع (کوچکتر از استان کردستان)، در قسمت غربی مرکز قاره آفریقا و کمی بالاتر از خط استوا قرار دارد. گینه استوایی از شمال به کامرون، از شرق و جنوب به گابن و از غرب به خلیج گینه محدود میشود<br /><br /></div><div align="right"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp7tI_YQkWoAwdQ5BKSO4Z2Ldd35mnJzLdqunhOVqJOpjhoCHaWpN8SdiaBGWtWKUEfKmz9OL9P7TwG71vrPv4YnlLkFuAO0y4t4nQhu2ILT8Qm1MxZz6Q4z1E45nF1dp_y-RMnw/s1600/Equatorial+Guinea+Map4.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 394px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445406804984114" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp7tI_YQkWoAwdQ5BKSO4Z2Ldd35mnJzLdqunhOVqJOpjhoCHaWpN8SdiaBGWtWKUEfKmz9OL9P7TwG71vrPv4YnlLkFuAO0y4t4nQhu2ILT8Qm1MxZz6Q4z1E45nF1dp_y-RMnw/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Map4.gif" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqm5KQbOVGN1BajHmNa2f5dLQbpZ4yk42sPakmcSzYQNAo18fFlSrq884qWL3Fu6sDhmrwOCm9ANZ6Gp1kEwca5riND6OCGlXJ8IfSjlSHYcWv_rlmwIQreH_woxjnht217ctaw/s1600/Equatorial+Guinea+Map3.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 222px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445413886233090" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnqm5KQbOVGN1BajHmNa2f5dLQbpZ4yk42sPakmcSzYQNAo18fFlSrq884qWL3Fu6sDhmrwOCm9ANZ6Gp1kEwca5riND6OCGlXJ8IfSjlSHYcWv_rlmwIQreH_woxjnht217ctaw/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Map3.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKP2ap4Fo17KsmwYWrvIRaYHVTjtkefXAPNjwHCqZD_oXHzYl9w8x9bkTmsjQLX3g0J6wfjHVWIRPlqrsCzdXJxZHIHloOwjVmK1zbILki_C2UmReFgpEMrJ8E_-CvNmHywH_K0g/s1600/Equatorial+Guinea+Map5.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 329px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 353px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445421748197634" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKP2ap4Fo17KsmwYWrvIRaYHVTjtkefXAPNjwHCqZD_oXHzYl9w8x9bkTmsjQLX3g0J6wfjHVWIRPlqrsCzdXJxZHIHloOwjVmK1zbILki_C2UmReFgpEMrJ8E_-CvNmHywH_K0g/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Map5.gif" /></a><br />نخستین بار در سال 1472 میلادی دریانوردی پرتقالی به نام <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3">"فرنائو دو پو" (Fernão do Pó)</a> در جستجوهایش برای یافتن راهی به سمت هند، این سرزمین را کشف کرد و آن را "فرموسا" (به معنی زیبا) نامید. اما نام این سرزمین خیلی زود به نام این دریانورد پرتقالی تغییر یافت<br /><br />همانطور که از اسمش پیداست، گینه استوایی، آب و هوایی استوایی دارد و همیشه گرم است و مرطوب. علیرغم کوچک بودن این کشور، میانگین بارندگی سالانه آن در نواحی مختلف بسیار متنوع است. به عنوان مثال <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabo">"مالابو"</a> پایتخت این کشور بارندگی سالانهای معادل 1930 میلیمتر دارد اما اورکا با بارندگی 11430 میلیمتر در سال یکی از پر بارانترین نواحی دنیاست. جزیره آنوبون در غرب گینه استوایی تاکنون در تاریخ ثبت آمار هواشناسی، حتی یک روز بدون ابر نداشته است<br /><br />دمای هوا در اکثر نقاط این کشور و در طول سال بین 16 تا 33 درجه سانتیگراد است<br /><br />پستترین نقطه گینه استوایی نواحی ساحلی اقیانوس اطلس است (ارتفاع 0) و بلندترین نقطه این کشور <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Basile">کوه پیکو باسیله</a> با ارتفاع 3008 متر است<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4B0M6UJHC3MpP9G7mA4CRVeNN_YNpfcCgKEN2rXu30fBeMs_WqRMI8DEqPXVT_uyETuLFVgU7slg4wcYhQN4ayddBtfrIYChY0OTcOBQzfBf977gI_7EgErSjf15qG25597YrA/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+Pico+Basile.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445194357979650" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4B0M6UJHC3MpP9G7mA4CRVeNN_YNpfcCgKEN2rXu30fBeMs_WqRMI8DEqPXVT_uyETuLFVgU7slg4wcYhQN4ayddBtfrIYChY0OTcOBQzfBf977gI_7EgErSjf15qG25597YrA/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Pico+Basile.JPG" /></a><br />طبق تخمین سازمان ملل در جولای 2009، جمعیت گینه استوایی 633441 نفر میباشد که بیشتر این جمعیت اصلیت قبیله بانتو را دارند. بانتو گروهی بزرگ از قبایل و زبانهای آفریقایی را شامل میشود که حدود 400 نژاد را از کامرون تا آفریقای مرکزی، شرقی و جنوبی در بر میگیرد. بانتو در لغت به معنی "مردم" است. علیرغم این که اکثر اروپاییها (اسپانیاییها) پس از استقلال گینه استوایی، مهاجرت کردند، هنوز هم اروپاییهایی از اسپانیا و پرتقال در گینه استوایی زندگی میکنند. با مهاجرت کامرونیها، نیجریهایها و گابنیها به گینه استوایی روز به روز به جمعیت خارجیان گینه استوایی افزوده میشود. ضمن این که چینیها و هندیها نیز برای کار در مزارع کاکائو و قهوه به این کشور مهاجرت میکنند<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8-3Eu7hZYXKIYVtDhyphenhyphend3y7wotE_PfTBZVaXCGVfKQF0jdOtMprQrmysjCawg3TboiqTusv7nzGjtKvuuxoyRMQdQFGlhbbYbPq8IFN7xImTRSR8lNnhyFmjMpSAvoOyA0Wl8srg/s1600/Equatorial+Guinea+1.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 250px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 202px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445430882651714" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8-3Eu7hZYXKIYVtDhyphenhyphend3y7wotE_PfTBZVaXCGVfKQF0jdOtMprQrmysjCawg3TboiqTusv7nzGjtKvuuxoyRMQdQFGlhbbYbPq8IFN7xImTRSR8lNnhyFmjMpSAvoOyA0Wl8srg/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+1.JPG" /></a>گینه استوایی سه زبان رسمی دارد. زبان اسپانیایی که 165 است زبان رسمی این کشور محسوب میشود به علاوه فرانسوی و پرتقالی. زبان پرتقالی را <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang">"تئودورو اوبیانگ انگوئما امباسوگو"</a> (رئیس جمهور گینه استوایی) در جولای 2007 به منظور عضویت در مجمع کشورهای پرتقالی زبان، به عنوان یکی از زبانهای رسمی این کشور معرفی کرد. در حال حاضر 90.5 درصد مردم گینه استوایی از زبان اسپانیایی استفاده میکنند، 7 درصد زبانهای محلی، 2 درصد فرانسوی و مابقی زبان انگلیسی، آلمانی و .... زبانهای رایج بومی مردم گینه استوایی عبارتند از؛<br /><div align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_language">"فنگ" (Fang)</a></div><div align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bube_language">"بوبه" (Bube)</a></div><div align="right"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobonese_language">"آنوبونهسه" (Annobonesse)</a><br /><br />93 درصد از مردم گینه استوایی مسیحی (87 درصد کاتولیک – 6 درصد پروتستان) هستند. 5 درصد پیرو ادیان بومی و 2 درصد مسلمان (عمدتاً بهایی)؛<br /><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguV5TEaozw8ousa2rVQcIQODiUffhX65tOw2WF-Cx3v5JE8Y9MKcybOEiWtonQivMija4hBAxhlOLSOYQyOqqZnuNk5xc3jIz12rPim8HpwTVINMk_mv5hjbz4zL13i-sztu4t6A/s1600/Equatorial+Guinea+Flag.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 250px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445426317268642" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguV5TEaozw8ousa2rVQcIQODiUffhX65tOw2WF-Cx3v5JE8Y9MKcybOEiWtonQivMija4hBAxhlOLSOYQyOqqZnuNk5xc3jIz12rPim8HpwTVINMk_mv5hjbz4zL13i-sztu4t6A/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Flag.gif" /></a><br /><br />گینه استوایی در سال 1968 پس از 190 سال که مستعمره اسپانیا بود، استقلال خود را به دست آورد و به جمهوری گینه استوایی تغییر نام داد. اولین رئیس جمهور این کشور فردی دیکتاتور بود به نام <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema">"فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما" (Francisco Macías Nguema)</a> که در دوران ریاست خود، بیش از یک سوم مردم کشورش را اعدام و یا تبعید کرد. 80000 نفر از مردم گینه استوایی به دستور "فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما" کشته شدند. به همین دلیل اقتصاد این کشور به شدت سقوط کرد و نیروی کار ماهر خارجی و افراد تحصیل کرده محلی فرار را بر قرار ترجیح دادند. در آگوست 1979 "تئودورو اوبیانگ انگوئما امباسوگو" (Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo) در کودتایی خونین "فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما" را از قدرت برکنار کرد و خود زمام امور را در دست گرفت. هشت هفته بعد، "فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما" به دلیل جنایاتی که مرتکب شده بود تیر باران شد<br /><br />از آن سال تاکنون "تئودورو اوبیانگ انگوئما امباسوگو" فرد اول گینه استوایی بوده است و علیرغم تغییر قانون اساسی کشورش به جمهوری دموکراتیک و ادعای برگزاری انتخابات از سال 1991 تاکنون، در تمام انتخابات با تقلبی گسترده خود را پیروز اعلام کرده است. با این حال "تئودورو اوبیانگ انگوئما امباسوگو" در مقایسه با "فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما" فردی معتدلتر است. زمانی که "تئودورو اوبیانگ انگوئما امباسوگو" به قدرت رسید، خزانه مملکت تهی بود و جمعیت 1200000 گینه استوایی در سال 1968، به 300000 در سال 1979 تقلیل یافته بود که عمده این جمعیت یا به کشورهای همسایه مهاجرت کرده بودند، یا به اسپانیا و یا این که در دوران فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما کشته شده بودند<br /><br />اقتصاد گینه استوایی در سالهای اخیر (از سال 1996) و پس از اکتشاف منابع نفتی در این کشور به شدت رشد کرده است؛ به طوریکه گینه استوایی هم اکنون سومین کشور صحرایی قاره آفریقاست از لحاظ صادرات نفت خام به شمار میرود. با تمام این تفاسیر سود سرشار ناشی از فروش نفت گینه استوایی (370 میلیون پاوند در سال) تنها به جیب دولت این کشور میرود و مردم گینه استوایی کماکان از داشتن حداقلهای زندگی محروم هستند. اکثریت مردم گینه استوایی با روزی کمتر از یک دلار آمریکا زندگی میکنند و در خیابانهای پایتخت این کشور (مالابو) فاضلاب جاری است. وسیله نقلیه عمومی وجود ندارد و آب آشامیدنی و برق به سختی به دست میآید<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQ7vGOyd4SEscSpYq3R4egFQjStqn2kV1-0qtCACq-D7hGxdu-I1J_V09AAYxKiyF9DXD0Md2tCs-asizelZx78uAonBsisbzCEHKTy5y2EqFLOMfxXE7HNZVHHFo7fDss6k4HQ/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+Malabo2.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 233px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445182925555890" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDQ7vGOyd4SEscSpYq3R4egFQjStqn2kV1-0qtCACq-D7hGxdu-I1J_V09AAYxKiyF9DXD0Md2tCs-asizelZx78uAonBsisbzCEHKTy5y2EqFLOMfxXE7HNZVHHFo7fDss6k4HQ/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Malabo2.JPG" /></a><br />در حالی که اکثر درآمد سرانه این کشور از راه فروش نفت به دست میآید، تولید کاکائو، جنگلداری، کشاورزی و ماهیگیری نیز به درآمد سرانه گینه استوایی کمک میکند<br /><br />واحد پول گینه استوایی <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc">"فرانک آفریقای مرکزی"</a> است که هر فرانک آن معادل 22.8 ریال ایران است<br /><br />شش یا هفت فرودگاه ( به علاوه یک فرودگاه خاکی) در گینه استوایی وجود دارد که در این میان، تنها فرودگاه بینالمللی این کشور <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabo_International_Airport">فرودگاه "پونتا اروپا" (Punta Europa)</a> در مالابو است. پروازهای بینالمللی این کشور به نیجریه، گابن، بنین، اسپانیا، آلمان، فرانسه و سوئیس است. هم اکنون خطوط هوایی ثبت شده در گینه استوایی، به دلیل عدم رعایت استانداردهای ایمنی، حق ورود به کشورهای اروپای متحد را ندارند<br /><br />تنها دانشگاه این کشور <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial">"دانشگاه ملی گینه استوایی" (Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial)</a> است که دانشکده پزشکی آن تحت کنترل کشور کوباست و تمامی مدرسان آن پزشکان کوبایی هستند. در دوران حکومت فرانسیسکو ماسیاس انگوئما آموزش از اهمیتی برخودار نبود و به همین دلیل نرخ افراد باسواد این کشور از 73 درصد به 43 درصد نزول یافت. اما در حال حاضر تحصیل اجباری و رایگان است<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8UraVczXVNgNLeDnGTt30QSqVpjyEmmKXH7FtnuhuMx8CdVj31Ce5gZJbYLiuW4b7Nfc0qSrV6ZsTE-FmU-cFynV-wGTsqaW_ET-IdsrSDgFeAXcWcG2Nhg6x9q9TCJIdZfttg/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+Moka1.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445189352078850" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8UraVczXVNgNLeDnGTt30QSqVpjyEmmKXH7FtnuhuMx8CdVj31Ce5gZJbYLiuW4b7Nfc0qSrV6ZsTE-FmU-cFynV-wGTsqaW_ET-IdsrSDgFeAXcWcG2Nhg6x9q9TCJIdZfttg/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Moka1.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThFWsLCPjr83h3pD79OIGHcizbgqGRULMzn0VpEi476y13mASw7BbOnHDjvt1t3iH1fQoaFa6MnIJuNf-Cqoa0V3o_bg10atSR9zddFrbSW4T3HZQ2vt_onpRHauwNh01dXOQEw/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+Malabo1.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 267px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445176697797186" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiThFWsLCPjr83h3pD79OIGHcizbgqGRULMzn0VpEi476y13mASw7BbOnHDjvt1t3iH1fQoaFa6MnIJuNf-Cqoa0V3o_bg10atSR9zddFrbSW4T3HZQ2vt_onpRHauwNh01dXOQEw/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+Malabo1.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vO7xgQQhnPa7CJ9lt-tD4aQIBv7NcACAT1jeunnIsWIk-r-8jSyOXLqST1yCNZz0GeIeHeoArKhTcLFpNeiYDGBfYq1aFQOP6-Y3ul2MjA4Qf9vow902iw0GuMOwaa0UVrHuIg/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+2.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410445171982058402" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vO7xgQQhnPa7CJ9lt-tD4aQIBv7NcACAT1jeunnIsWIk-r-8jSyOXLqST1yCNZz0GeIeHeoArKhTcLFpNeiYDGBfYq1aFQOP6-Y3ul2MjA4Qf9vow902iw0GuMOwaa0UVrHuIg/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+2.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCVuGeU_q2eMCNPVTWT66fSrVRyHNLwLtsKuCE046HuYnIHQZrREinb5lQxhTbUelii7fL_AmaPPCXPjrp8zakENuCIaZqHiR0VUQkvWyRic68vcm69zzf15UD7cBueuSr1K9lIw/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+5.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410444934419025906" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCVuGeU_q2eMCNPVTWT66fSrVRyHNLwLtsKuCE046HuYnIHQZrREinb5lQxhTbUelii7fL_AmaPPCXPjrp8zakENuCIaZqHiR0VUQkvWyRic68vcm69zzf15UD7cBueuSr1K9lIw/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+5.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit80hIQbDx-dv8KzL_1g4HdLzR7ONhH4IE4nN-Hp3mpYx_aaUVTu2jhXT6uRgHlwJ6cOUJQAbqYPJ030evrb25MXImcfXmrPp3bUpQL-HM8ziLktMg9oCMXX2ECgPK2qBLy6WRdQ/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+4.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 267px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410444929045153282" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit80hIQbDx-dv8KzL_1g4HdLzR7ONhH4IE4nN-Hp3mpYx_aaUVTu2jhXT6uRgHlwJ6cOUJQAbqYPJ030evrb25MXImcfXmrPp3bUpQL-HM8ziLktMg9oCMXX2ECgPK2qBLy6WRdQ/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+4.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53fmfhbNh8TjHhjE6szsmJzdURc6_pbYw51cy3FyKC64unc4efbNO10abBhOelCJzTLRWlhgsBbJPys5b3B013tUpapOswaxYPRc2rbjQn22QYWQkQ0bmsK81x_Z5DVfKbORJxA/s1600-h/Equatorial+Guinea+3.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5410444920918516050" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53fmfhbNh8TjHhjE6szsmJzdURc6_pbYw51cy3FyKC64unc4efbNO10abBhOelCJzTLRWlhgsBbJPys5b3B013tUpapOswaxYPRc2rbjQn22QYWQkQ0bmsK81x_Z5DVfKbORJxA/s400/Equatorial+Guinea+3.JPG" /></a><br /></div><div align="left">General:<br />Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a mainland portion plus five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest on the African continent. President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled the country since 1979 when he seized power in a coup. Although nominally a constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996 and 2002 presidential elections - as well as the 1999 and 2004 legislative elections - were widely seen as flawed. The president exerts almost total control over the political system and has discouraged political opposition. Equatorial Guinea has experienced rapid economic growth due to the discovery of large offshore oil reserves, and in the last decade has become Sub-Saharan Africa's third largest oil exporter. Despite the country's economic windfall from oil production resulting in a massive increase in government revenue in recent years, there have been few improvements in the population's living standards.<br /><br />Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial is a country located in Central Africa. With an area of 28,000 km2 it is one of the smallest countries in continental Africa. It has a population estimated at half a million. It comprises two parts: a Continental Region (Río Muni), including several small offshore islands and an Insular Region where the capital Malabo is situated.<br /><br />Equatorial Guinea is bordered by Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west.<br /><br />Equatorial Guinea is the third smallest country in continental Africa in terms of population. The discovery of sizeable petroleum reserves in recent years is altering the economic and political status of the country.<br /><br />The Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó, seeking a path to India, is credited as being the first European to discover the island of Bioko in 1472. He called it Formosa ("Beautiful"), but it quickly took on the name of its European discoverer.<br /><br />Politics:<br />In September 1968, Francisco Macías Nguema was elected first president of Equatorial Guinea, and independence was recognised on October 12, 1968. In July 1970, Nguema created a single-party state. Nguema’s reign of terror led to the death or exile of up to 1/3 of the country's population. Out of a population of 300,000, an estimated 80,000 had been killed. The economy collapsed, and skilled citizens and foreigners left. Teodoro Obiang deposed Francisco Macías on August 3, 1979 in a bloody coup d'état.<br /><br />The president of Equatorial Guinea is Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. The 1982 constitution of Equatorial Guinea gives Obiang extensive powers, including naming and dismissing members of the cabinet, making laws by decree, dissolving the Chamber of Representatives, negotiating and ratifying treaties and calling legislative elections. Obiang, a former brigadier general, retains his role as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and minister of defence. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and operates under powers designated by the President. The Prime Minister coordinates government activities in areas other than foreign affairs, national defense and security.<br /><br />On December 15, 2002, Equatorial Guinea's four main opposition parties withdrew from the country's presidential election. Obiang won an election widely considered fraudulent by members of the Western press.[citation needed]<br /><br />The incumbent president has never equalled the bloodthirsty reputation of former dictator Francisco Macías Nguema, whom he overthrew. On Christmas of 1975, Macías had 150 alleged coup plotters executed to the sound of a band playing Mary Hopkin's tune Those Were the Days in a national stadium.[13]<br /><br />A huge proportion of the £370 million revenue is confiscated by the president while most of the 500,000 people subsist on less than a dollar a day, sewage runs through the streets of the capital Malabo, and there is no public transport and little drinking water or electricity.<br /><br />He deposed Francisco Macías on 3 August 1979 in a bloody coup d'état. Macías was placed on trial for his activities over the previous decade and sentenced to death. He was executed on 29 September 1979 by firing squad. Obiang declared that the new government would make a fresh start from the repressive measures taken by Macías' administration. He inherited a country with an empty treasury and a population that had dropped to a third of its 1968 level, with about 50% of the former 1.2 million inhabitants having moved either to Spain or to neighboring African countries, or being murdered during the dictatorship of Obiang's predecessor. He formally assumed presidency in October 1979.<br /><br />A new constitution was adopted in 1982; at the same time, Obiang was elected to a seven-year term as president. He was reelected in 1989 as the only candidate. After other parties were permitted to organize, he was reelected in 1996 and 2002 in elections condemned as fraudulent by international observers.<br /><br />Economy:<br />Pre-independence Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings. It had the highest per capita income of Africa in 1959. The discovery of large oil reserves in 1996 and its subsequent exploitation have contributed to a dramatic increase in government revenue. Forestry, farming, and fishing are also major components of GDP.<br /><br />Demographics:<br />The majority of the people of Equatorial Guinea are of Bantu origin. Bantu is a large category of African languages. It also is used as a general label for over 400 ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa, from Cameroon across Central Africa and Eastern Africa to Southern Africa. "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages.<br />Some Europeans (largely of Spanish or Portuguese descent) – among them mixed with African ethnicity – also live in the nation. Most Spaniards left after independence. There are a growing number of foreigners from neighboring Cameroon, Nigeria, and Gabon. Equatorial Guinea received Asians and black Africans from other countries as workers on cocoa and coffee plantations. Other black Africans came from Liberia, Angola, and Mozambique. Most of the Asian population is Chinese, with small numbers of Indians.<br /><br />Religion:<br />The principal religion in Equatorial Guinea is Christianity which is the faith of 93% of the population. These are predominately Catholic (87%) while a minority are Protestants (5%). Another 5% of the population follow indigenous beliefs and the final 2% comprises Muslims, followers of Baha'i and other beliefs.<br /><br />Official Language:<br />The official languages of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea are Spanish and French. The aboriginal languages are recognized as integral parts of the national culture. Spanish has been an official language since 1844. In July 2007, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema announced his government's decision for Portuguese to become Equatorial Guinea's third official language, in order to meet the requirements to apply for full membership in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Official numbers: Spanish (90.5%), Native languages (7%), French (2%), others (mainly English, or German, as well as Fernando Poo Creole English, 1.5%).<br /><br />Climate:<br />Tropical; always hot, humid<br />Equatorial Guinea has a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. From June to August, Río Muni is dry and Bioko wet; from December to February, the reverse obtains. In between there is gradual transition. Rain or mist occurs daily on Annobón, where a cloudless day has never been registered. The temperature at Malabo, Bioko, ranges from 16 °C to 33 °C, though on the southern Moka Plateau normal high temperatures are only 21 °C . In Río Muni, the average temperature is about 27 °C. Annual rainfall varies from 1,930 mm at Malabo to 10,920 mm at Ureka, Bioko, but Río Muni is somewhat drier.<br /><br />Education:<br />Education had been significantly neglected under the regime of Francisco Macias, with few children receiving any type of education. The illiteracy rate dropped from 73 percent to 43 percent under President Obiang's tenure. The number of primary school students has risen from 65,000 in 1986 to more than 100,000 in 1994. Education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14.<br />In recent years, with change in economic/political climate and government social agendas, several cultural dispersion and literacy organizations are now located in the country, founded chiefly with the financial support of the Spanish government. The country has one university, the Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE) with a campus in Malabo and a Faculty of Medicine located in Bata on the mainland. The Bata Medical School is supported principally by the government of Cuba and staffed by Cuban medical educators and physicians.<br /><br />Transportation:<br />There are six airports in Equatorial Guinea. Its main airport is Malabo International Airport in Punta Europa, Bioko Island. International flights operate from here to Nigeria, Gabon, Benin, Spain, Germany, France, and Switzerland. Mainland Equatorial Guinea is served by Bata Airport, north of Bata, which has domestic air services to Malabo. These two airports, along with three smaller airstrips, have the only paved runways in the country. One other airport has an unpaved runway<br /><br />Every airline registered in the country appears on the list of air carriers prohibited in the European Union (EU) which means that it is banned for safety reasons from operating services of any kind within the EU.<br /><br />Due to the big-oil presence in the country, internationally recognised carriers fly to Malabo (Bioko). The carriers include:<br /><br />Air France - from Paris<br />Lufthansa - from Frankfurt<br />Iberia - from Madrid<br /><br />Geography:<br />Area:<br />Total: 28,051 sq km<br />Land: 28,051 sq km<br />Water: 0 sq km<br /><br />Elevation Extremes:<br />Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m<br />Highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m<br /><br />Natural Resources:<br />Petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay<br /><br />Natural Hazards:<br />Violent windstorms; flash floods<br /><br />Population:<br />633,441 (July 2009 estimate) </div></div></div></div></div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-31736931224480242892009-11-05T11:43:00.006+10:002009-11-05T11:50:21.937+10:00E N G L A N D<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY5HoJFfKGoMMGVhv2wVF3Do9jM3-qBaUiwtalVuYSeWcE4kS_gv-D5wp0t0q2O3DstSqmRaeNPC8HSQmMGhroc8YZ5_ZkNrAYz1kln-Pe662vbgHcL1i3JbnXIdFBBhSaVVEsAA/s1600-h/05England_London_London+eye1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 268px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5400429927557348130" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwLo9ECUNtNZ88BRNCElO2lL8drCxQMy9hZ4UPungBL2ibrx-m7N5cZrc5SMqcDVAa9SCuv5_tLJ8X-vdMNCDsCs9FIUg3KJn861ssvvwxpW4_cA409Qf2uGHA7aoO_evb01iIg/s400/16England_Cumbira_Into+the+Valley.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div align="right">انگلیس بخش اعظمی از جزیره بریتانیا را تشکیل میدهد که از شمال همسایه اسکاتلند و از غرب همسایه ویلز میباشد. دریای ایرلند در شمالغرب ایم کشور و دریای سلتیک در جنوبغربی آن واقع شدهاند. انگلیس از شرق به دریای شمال محدود میباشد. کانال انگلیس (دریای مانش) جدا کننده این جزیره از سایر کشورهای اروپایی است.<br /><br />نام انگلیس (England) از لغت Englaland به معنی سرزمین اَنگِلها (Angles) گرفته شده است. اَنگِلها گروهی از ژرمنها بودهاند که اوایل قرون وسطا (قرن 5 و 6 میلادی) در این سرزمین مستقر شدند. اَنگِلها از سرزمینی حوالی دریای بالتیک به انگلیس کوچ کرده بودند.<br /><br />بریتانیا از سال 927 میلادی به کشوری متحد تبدیل شد و در دوران طلایی اکتشافات جغرافیایی (قرن 15 میلادی) فرهنگ و قوانین خود را در سرتاسر دنیا اشاعه داد. از آن زمان تا کنون زبان انگلیسی، کلیساهای انگلوساکسون، قوانین بریتانیا و سیستم دولت پارلمانی در بسیاری از کشورها رواج یافته است.<br /><br />انگلیس با 51 میلیون نفر جمعیت تقریباً 84% جمعیت کل بریتانیا را در خود جای داده است و لندن پایتخت این کشور با 11 میلیون نفر جمعیت پر جمعیت ترین شهر این کشور است.<br /><br />انگلیس تابستانهای گرم و زمستانهای سردی دارد و بارندگی در این کشور و در طول سال تقریباً یکنواخت بسیار زیاد میباشد. دمای هوا در طول سال عموماً بین 5- تا 30+ متغیر است و علی رغم سرمای زیاد، برف زیادی در نواحی پست این کشور نمیبارد.<br /><br /></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left">England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the North West, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe.<br /><br />The name "England" is derived from the Old English word Englaland, which means "land of the Angles". The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in England during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea.<br /><br />The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.<br /><br />England's population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London. London, England's capital is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures.<br /><br />Geography:<br /><br />The climate of the United Kingdom is classified as a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Koppen climate classification Cfb and in the Scottish Highlands Cfc), with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation throughout the year.<br /><br />England has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round, although the seasons are quite variable in temperature. However, temperatures rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F). The prevailing wind is from the south-west, bringing mild and wet weather to England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean. It is driest in the east and warmest in the south, which is closest to the European mainland. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, although it is not that common away from high ground. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-32169890237870165062009-10-08T16:36:00.009+10:002009-10-08T16:47:52.707+10:00M O N G O L I A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hADg_NxVXVGobmg5XCwyRKhzGH-g2K_vHQ9eSQa0FN5QTOA3BpfzkowY1Ej4ncJceFBmDyqZGw-45ceDnSs_D3U-Jc_7WKyYOfdoMu5d4wabzuX3dpb92f_9KBu8icDIxGXx9Q/s1600-h/Mongolia_Flag.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 200px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116118963509970" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hADg_NxVXVGobmg5XCwyRKhzGH-g2K_vHQ9eSQa0FN5QTOA3BpfzkowY1Ej4ncJceFBmDyqZGw-45ceDnSs_D3U-Jc_7WKyYOfdoMu5d4wabzuX3dpb92f_9KBu8icDIxGXx9Q/s400/Mongolia_Flag.gif" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzN-rix0UuQYhO6lNskV8ioow8amfgvzoSESipI80Vy7A013G2ortDj0GNDNgeqWJZjbhGEcrDC04vKCdTFzkvNRXtsUdTC3N6oyG3RUe0BBac4OTLrmMBxjosl5soFyfPY4yhaw/s1600-h/Mongolia_Map.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 268px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116429729653314" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4IGEZ7iixfO-0l1eAgyftVVdXl_7878MWyyvUs66li9Ylf8Uzj2mypSMgA34wL1n4BmjCWuxN9CdFayLeSiIe45ZM_D7sLpof8acHbL57MxbB45-I-SBHGz8ybEgi6L3Sy1btaw/s400/Mongolia_Terelj1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinDbSAQ4Kw8XFdix6oUnqYgqcWRVDxGwD-JB4ADhazV0TpFb4OFNr4SmNSoJYQ-i15jPv-JDuhZHriiZypF7V9npdtOsKnhDG0JZ39qQbrurKuhScRlLxe0GivVTmT9mXAk5eQDQ/s1600-h/Mongolia_Sagsay1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116301405560130" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinDbSAQ4Kw8XFdix6oUnqYgqcWRVDxGwD-JB4ADhazV0TpFb4OFNr4SmNSoJYQ-i15jPv-JDuhZHriiZypF7V9npdtOsKnhDG0JZ39qQbrurKuhScRlLxe0GivVTmT9mXAk5eQDQ/s400/Mongolia_Sagsay1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgO84u4-cE2qlR-QkYzr5z1foluI4IX8U_7PdVSsOAjAdDzc92t_DUT7WVuANJ5RjsQHgBrl4JBGz3ZvhumZ5fyhSZW9DsxA3WbJ_DbF7JpZWuSk2qoEJqD2PPOQdPedlY9cuXdQ/s1600-h/Mongolia_Ogii+Lake1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 263px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116294780862818" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgO84u4-cE2qlR-QkYzr5z1foluI4IX8U_7PdVSsOAjAdDzc92t_DUT7WVuANJ5RjsQHgBrl4JBGz3ZvhumZ5fyhSZW9DsxA3WbJ_DbF7JpZWuSk2qoEJqD2PPOQdPedlY9cuXdQ/s400/Mongolia_Ogii+Lake1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8Z1H7NcnZAWaFo2NMWnefUAGIUH5BeKEZRHhZQJcPirvFasREr4nthssvzP93b-R49e5IJM8LkIyd1xMIYNV5mrBynZPxA9sNCKBZsaCp9pnX2Y1XLAQcGfNjmXqSEhXdB9B3Q/s1600-h/Mongolia_Khorgo1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 289px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116279954255426" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8Z1H7NcnZAWaFo2NMWnefUAGIUH5BeKEZRHhZQJcPirvFasREr4nthssvzP93b-R49e5IJM8LkIyd1xMIYNV5mrBynZPxA9sNCKBZsaCp9pnX2Y1XLAQcGfNjmXqSEhXdB9B3Q/s400/Mongolia_Khorgo1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuWHQqkuE_fb0Lb2mVDw_mbM-rLUwhgDivOhsHK1AiX1z5IlFTDllFTnG4RrMLi00NyEbgNcrNNhuF2DLdRY3ofxm2OAqcANQW5idVQHCGq6B4gRazFs7tUYGoRghUmavnFfH4g/s1600-h/Mongolia_Khatsgal1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 268px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116270630641122" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuWHQqkuE_fb0Lb2mVDw_mbM-rLUwhgDivOhsHK1AiX1z5IlFTDllFTnG4RrMLi00NyEbgNcrNNhuF2DLdRY3ofxm2OAqcANQW5idVQHCGq6B4gRazFs7tUYGoRghUmavnFfH4g/s400/Mongolia_Khatsgal1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH_D6UTE5WbQHdrUO98ZKB8H8uw2tMEn0Z_eg4IiTPs3Wq91OjbqS__1mVLk-8xURCX8_IFcBuZ6-601AC0be-KBzlPNBNcFQhVsPO2H2pjnvuX6XwGu_gGQTzlQGfq_TjksjfLg/s1600-h/Mongolia_Kharkhorin1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116127371251826" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH_D6UTE5WbQHdrUO98ZKB8H8uw2tMEn0Z_eg4IiTPs3Wq91OjbqS__1mVLk-8xURCX8_IFcBuZ6-601AC0be-KBzlPNBNcFQhVsPO2H2pjnvuX6XwGu_gGQTzlQGfq_TjksjfLg/s400/Mongolia_Kharkhorin1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA71S1lR3DcblYJJXIWfzDaP-70HFpZJevpfKiHsmG_1JBcE3jWfhx6IvBjNEiViONzFFfxVMiUvkM8RBP4V-fMeY-t6YHYKaMddxod6lRseEBPPH0Z3jCyvunFQLv0Jh8BtayQQ/s1600-h/Mongolia_Bulgan1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 268px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116107440292610" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA71S1lR3DcblYJJXIWfzDaP-70HFpZJevpfKiHsmG_1JBcE3jWfhx6IvBjNEiViONzFFfxVMiUvkM8RBP4V-fMeY-t6YHYKaMddxod6lRseEBPPH0Z3jCyvunFQLv0Jh8BtayQQ/s400/Mongolia_Bulgan1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ93oXjsPlttdZJqND8vw3vhj5wn4Wl9hza2STlYz0E2HA8mq5iS5AdNtIoKXJLrVX0jC_gdtUNSZmLBYvZHzye0CmAh_vUo66jMUg8-JFObD0kgjFfeWkIGlG5hcF0cJZ69HwKQ/s1600-h/Mongolia_Bayan-Olgiy1.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390116101175808690" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ93oXjsPlttdZJqND8vw3vhj5wn4Wl9hza2STlYz0E2HA8mq5iS5AdNtIoKXJLrVX0jC_gdtUNSZmLBYvZHzye0CmAh_vUo66jMUg8-JFObD0kgjFfeWkIGlG5hcF0cJZ69HwKQ/s400/Mongolia_Bayan-Olgiy1.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div><br /><br /><div align="right"><strong>جغرافیا:</strong><br /><br />• این کشور در قسمت مرکزی-شرقی آسیا واقع شده است و از شمال همسایه روسیه است و از جنوب، غرب و شرق همسایه چین.<br /><br />• مغولستان با وسعتی معادل 1564116 کیلومتر مربع پس از قزاقستان، دومین سرزمین از لحاظ وسعت است که به آب آزاد دسترسی ندارد.<br /><br />• اگرچه مغولستان مرز مشترکی با قزاقستان ندارد، اما مرز غربی این کشور در 38 کیلومتر مرز شرقی قزاقستان قرار دارد.<br /><br />• پایتخت مغولستان اولانباتور، محل سکوت 38 درصد از 2671000 نفر جمعیت این کشور میباشد.<br /><br />• تنها 1 درصد از کل خاک این کشور قابل کشاورزی است و 8 تا 10 درصد جنگل. باقی مانده اراضی این کشور زمینهایی با پوشش گیاهی استپ (چراگاه) و یا بیابانی است.<br /><br />• مغولستان کشوری است با زمستانهای سرد و خشک و طولانی و تابستانهای کوتاه و مرطوب.<br /><br />• میانگین روزهای آفتابی مغولستان 257 روز در سال است.<br /><br />• پربارانترین منطقه مغولستان در شمال و شمالغرب این کشور به طور متوسط در سال 200 تا 350 میلیمتر بارندگی دارد.<br /><br />• بارندگی در صحرای گوبی در جنوب این کشور معمولاً هر چند سال یکبار رخ میدهد.<br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFAdVsobUOsxIalhoG6abUSK_Mi6eFOuYHsK6_WqYDQo0ljOOUoWBjfKZE8QV6fiGQP3BdVeyKLLzF1IVkgafNFMXm7UIlcDG1HV_bsz-7RQuwibC-_U909ERcB3QhZwlCdnIWLw/s1600-h/Mongolia+Gobi+Desert.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 299px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390115124866220850" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFAdVsobUOsxIalhoG6abUSK_Mi6eFOuYHsK6_WqYDQo0ljOOUoWBjfKZE8QV6fiGQP3BdVeyKLLzF1IVkgafNFMXm7UIlcDG1HV_bsz-7RQuwibC-_U909ERcB3QhZwlCdnIWLw/s400/Mongolia+Gobi+Desert.jpg" /></a><br />• میانگین دمای هوا در این کشور تنها در حد فاصل فروردین (April) تا مهر (October) بالای صفر است!<br /><br />• دمای هوا در شبهای زمستانی شمال مغولستان به 40- درجه هم میرسد.<br /><br />• اولانباتور پایتخت مغولستان در ارتفاع 1351 متری از سطح دریا واقع شده است و میانگین دمای هوای این شهر 2.9- است!<br /><br />• ارتفاع میانگین مغولستان 1580 متر است. قله خویتن (Khüiten) در مرز چین، با ارتفاع 4374 متر بلندترین و بخشی از بیابانهای شرقی این کشور با ارتفاع 560 متر پستترین نقاط این کشور هستند.<br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROqFpCFt7VNnOAh9fruikJr_hABbt0UBg4b6mMBLwqpiFkTNmgcPn7abpgkeKwXqAyB_2Y6cvmpy6QSAX7F4-g16VqzudgUVglxbCj46K8tpWpNQcpOrurmnr_QwMLwJehd0Vfg/s1600-h/Mongolia+Kh%C3%BCiten+Peak.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 300px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 193px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390115133407047298" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROqFpCFt7VNnOAh9fruikJr_hABbt0UBg4b6mMBLwqpiFkTNmgcPn7abpgkeKwXqAyB_2Y6cvmpy6QSAX7F4-g16VqzudgUVglxbCj46K8tpWpNQcpOrurmnr_QwMLwJehd0Vfg/s400/Mongolia+Kh%C3%BCiten+Peak.jpg" /></a><br />• دریاچه خووسگُل (Khövsgöl) یکی از بزرگترین دریاچههای آب شیرین آسیا در مغولستان قرار دارد.<br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1E3p5Q5W2AcSLJY2xORebPYnZO5064U_CVD6dPuAjuGF5CN8rnqnNbja3sp2yurnXZe0ONBwwO7Nh-WKoc4e8wxXyoF-323jjsrlhS-fo2jbrfOZ_FYpqJTADZyZSh-y66gKQGQ/s1600-h/Mongolia+Lake+Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 130px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390115138545055394" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1E3p5Q5W2AcSLJY2xORebPYnZO5064U_CVD6dPuAjuGF5CN8rnqnNbja3sp2yurnXZe0ONBwwO7Nh-WKoc4e8wxXyoF-323jjsrlhS-fo2jbrfOZ_FYpqJTADZyZSh-y66gKQGQ/s400/Mongolia+Lake+Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l.jpg" /></a><br />• تقریباً 30 درصد مردم مغولستان زندگی قبیلهای دارند و تقریباً 20 درصد مغولان با روزی کمتر از 1.25 دلار آمریکا در روز زندگی میکنند (1100 تا 1150 تومان در روز).<br /><br />• تنها فرودگاه بینالمللی مغولستان، فرودگاه چنگیزخان در اولانباتور است که پروازهایی به کرهجنوبی، چین، ژاپن، روسیه و آلمان دارد.<br /><br /><strong>سیاست:</strong><br /><br />• مغولستان پس از استقلال از امپراطوری چین (1911) سالها در وضعیتی بیثبات به سر برد تا این که در سال 1921 حکومت مستقلی تشکیل داد که تا سال 1945 در مجامع بینالمللی به رسمیت شناخته نمیشد.<br /><br />• مغولستان از سال 1924 تا زمان فروپاشی کمونیسم (1989) تحت تأثیر اتحاد جماهیر شوروی بود و نام رسمی این کشور به جمهوری خلق مغول تفییر یافته بود.<br /><br />• در سال 1990 انقلاب دموکراتیکی در مغولستان صورت گرفت. این انقلاب با اعتصاب غذای جوانان در میدان اصلی پایتخت آغاز شد و بدون خونریزی و با استعفای دولت کمونیسم مغولستان به سرانجام رسید.<br /><br />• شاید بد نباشد بدانیم که مغولستان روابط بسیار خوبی با آمریکا، روسیه، کرهشمالی، کرهجنوبی، ژاپن و چین دارد.<br /><br />• مغولستان از اشغال عراق توسط نیروهای سازمان ملل حمایت کرده و خود نیز سربازانی به عراق، افغانستان و سیرالئون اعزام کرده است.<br /><br /><strong>امپراطوری مغول:</strong><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg101DEi8iq_2K9-skI3_kT8WTx89xbx_3YhYRhhTJ8_nDLtdzszfsmXbVvCZJmyOfmEp7OUB4ljBm8eJmBo2vEHn79Z_7HvrBdKSc7UNKu4NMf1Pt0nfsnt8DXeSg_tuOJk5sT1w/s1600-h/Mongolin+Empire.gif"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 400px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390115142653374322" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg101DEi8iq_2K9-skI3_kT8WTx89xbx_3YhYRhhTJ8_nDLtdzszfsmXbVvCZJmyOfmEp7OUB4ljBm8eJmBo2vEHn79Z_7HvrBdKSc7UNKu4NMf1Pt0nfsnt8DXeSg_tuOJk5sT1w/s400/Mongolin+Empire.gif" /></a>• چنگیزخان (تموجین) بنیانگذار امپراطوری مغول در سال 1206 میلادی است. او قوانین و مجازات<br />فراوانی موسوم به یاسا وضع کرد.<br /><br />• امپراطوری مغول با وسعتی حدود 33000000 کیلومتر مربع، بزرگترین امپراطوری به هم پیوسته تاریخ بوده است. وسعتی بیش از 22 درصد کل خشکیهای زمین.<br /><br />• امپراطوری مغول از غرب تا لهستان، از شرق تا کره، از شمال تا سیبری و از جنوب تا دریای عمان و ویتنام گستردگی داشت.<br /><br />• نخستین بار چنگیزخان در سال 600 هجری خورشیدی (1221 میلادی) به ایران حمله کرد.<br /><br />• ایلخانان مغول حدود 80 سال (بین 635 تا 714 هجری خورشیدی 1256 تا 1335 میلادی) در ایران حکومت کردند.<br /><br />• ایلخانان مغول به تدریج از دین بودایی به اسلام گرایش پیدا کردند و خود را به جای ایلخان، سلطان نامیدند.<br /><br /><strong>چنگیزخان:</strong><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjSrpmn8gTV6SiyaVaIfc4WR_XCfnxDRRcI1HCfwPveTen2G-0CMAehRbotZD9Bcv88gWfivlx35DG8-mT4FbnN4y4Kx_zNfI0RixWasLd_GPfTwEtCc_cWqzxuuDdH_D1f3cCQ/s1600-h/Mongolia+Genghis+Khan.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 269px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 399px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390115116936478946" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjSrpmn8gTV6SiyaVaIfc4WR_XCfnxDRRcI1HCfwPveTen2G-0CMAehRbotZD9Bcv88gWfivlx35DG8-mT4FbnN4y4Kx_zNfI0RixWasLd_GPfTwEtCc_cWqzxuuDdH_D1f3cCQ/s400/Mongolia+Genghis+Khan.jpg" /></a><br />• تموجین متولد 1162 میلادی مانند اکثر مغولان قبیلهنشین بود. تموجین سه برادر تنی، یک خواهر و دو برادر ناتنی داشت.<br /><br />• او زندگی بسیار سختی در دوران نوجوانی داشت.<br /><br />• هر چند که سن قانونی ازدواج در مغولستان 12 سال بود، تموجین در 9 سالگی بنا به رسم قبیلهاش با دختری از قبیله مادرش ازدواج کرد!<br /><br />• در حد فاصل 9 تا 12 سالگی او مجبور بود که در قبیله همسرش خدمت کند.<br /><br />• پس از رسیدن به سن قانونی ازدواج در راه بازگشت به قبیله خود، پدرش با خورانده شدن سم توسط تاتارها به قتل رسید.<br /><br />• پس از آن تلاش تموجین برای جانشینی پدرش به دلیل سن کمش نافرجام ماند و بارها به همین دلیل زندانی شد.<br /><br />• تموجین در 13 سالگی در حال شکار با یکی از برادران ناتنیاش درگیر شد و او را کشت.<br /><br />• همسر تموجین پس از ازدواج توسط قبیلهای ربوده شد. آن قبیله، متعلق به همسر سابق مادر تموجین بود. مادر تموجین سالها قبل، در اقدامی مشابه توسط پدر تموجین از قبیله همسر اولش ربوده شده بود.<br /><br />• تموجین برای رها ساختن همسرش از دو نفر دیگر کمک گرفت که یکی از آنها جموکا نام داشت که با او پیوند برادری خوانده بود.<br /><br />• جموکا سالها بعد رقیب تموجین شد اما پس از 5 سال درگیری، خیانت یاران جموکا باعث دستگیری او شد.<br /><br />• پس از دستگیری، تموجین دوباره به جموکا پیشنهاد برادرخواندگی داد ولی جموکا با اشاره به این که: "همانطور که در آسمان فقط یک خورشید جای میگیرد، در این سرزمین هم فقط جای یک سرکرده مغول است." از تموجین خواست تا او را بدون خونریزی اعدام کند. در نتیجه چنگیزخان (تموجین) دستور داد برادر خواندهاش را با شکاندن ستون فقراتش اعدام کنند.<br /><br />• چنگیزخان همسران بسیاری داشت اما در سنت مغول اولین همسر مهمترین همسر به شمار میرود و او از اولین همسرش چهار پسر داشت.<br /><br />• چنگیزخان قوانین مؤثری وضع کرد. قوانینی نظیر بازداشتن اقوام مغول از تجاوز به زنان و دزدی در حال لشرکشی به کشورها.<br /><br />• او در هنگام مرگ از پسرانش خواست تا برایش گریه نکنند تا مبادا دشمنان از مرگ او آگاه شوند و دستور او را مخفیانه در محلی گمنام دفن کنند.<br /></div><div align="left"><br />Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 24 miles (38 km) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population.<br />During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de-facto independence, and until 1945 to gain international recognition. As a consequence, it came under strong Russian and Soviet influence: In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared, and Mongolian politics began to follow the same patterns as Soviet politics of the time. After the breakdown of communist regimes in Eastern Europe in late 1989, Mongolia saw its own Democratic Revolution in early 1990, which led to a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and the - rather rough - transition to a market economy.<br />At 1,564,116 square kilometres, Mongolia is the nineteenth largest and the most sparsely populated independent country in the world, with a population of around 2.9 million people. It is also the world's second-largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan. The country contains very little arable land, as much of its area is covered by steppes, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Approximately 30% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state's citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other minorities also live in the country, especially in the west. About 20% of the population live off less than US$1.25 per day.<br /><br />Genghis Khan was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions and raids of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. During his life, the Mongol Empire eventually occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ogedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Tanguts. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at a location unknown. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering and/or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe and the Middle East.<br /><br />Temüjin was born 1162. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years old, he was delivered to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the same tribe as his mother. He was to live there in service to Sansar, the head of the household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12. While heading home, his father was poisoned during a meal with the neighbouring Tatars, who had long been enemies of the Mongols. Temüjin returned home to claim the position of khan. However, his father's tribe refused to be led by a boy so young. For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits, marmots, and other small game hunted by Temüjin and his brothers. It was during one hunting excursion that 13-year-old Temüjin killed his half-brother, Bekhter, during a fight which resulted from a dispute over hunting spoils.[9] This incident cemented his position as head of the household. In another incident in 1182 he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Bjartskular ("wolves"). The Bjartskular enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue), but with the help of a sympathetic watcher, the father of Chilaun (who would later become a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger by hiding in a river crevice. It was around this time that Jelme and Arslan, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Along with his brothers, they provided the manpower needed for early expansion. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Bjartskular.<br /><br />Mongolian Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Asia across Eastern Europe. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world; emerging from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. At its greatest extent it stretched from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from Arctic to Cambodia, covering about 33.0 million km² (in 1279),[1] one fifth of the Earth's total land area, and held sway over a population of over 100 million people at that time.[2] It is often identified as the "Mongol World Empire" because it spanned much of Eurasia.<br /><br />Mongolia has a number of domestic airports. The only international airport is the Chinggis Khaan International Airport near Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Japan, Russia and Germany. MIAT is Mongolia's largest carrier in Mongolia and provides both domestic[citation needed] and international flights.<br />Overall, the land slopes from the high Altay Mountains of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south. The Khüiten Peak in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point (4,374 meters). The lowest is 560 meters, an otherwise undistinguished spot in the eastern Mongolian plain. The country has an average elevation of 1,580 meters. The landscape includes one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes (Lake Khövsgöl), many salt lakes, marshes, sand dunes, rolling grasslands, alpine forests, and permanent montane glaciers. Northern and western Mongolia are seismically active zones, with frequent earthquakes and many hot springs and extinct volcanoes.<br />Mongolia is high, cold, and dry. It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most precipitation falls. The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the centre of a region of high atmospheric pressure. Precipitation is highest in the north, which averages 20 to 35 centimetres per year, and lowest in the south, which receives 10 to 20 centimetres. The extreme south is the Gobi Desert, some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years. The name Gobi is a Mongol meaning desert, depression, salt marsh, or steppe, but which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support marmots but with enough to support camels. Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape. Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive.<br />Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through March and are about freezing in April and October. January and February averages of -20°C are common, with winter nights of -40°C occurring most years. Summer extremes reach as high as 38°C in the southern Gobi region and 33°C in Ulaanbaatar.<br />All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly freeze to the bottom. Ulan Bator lies at 1,351 meters above sea level in the valley of the Tuul River. Located in the relatively well-watered north, it receives an annual average of 31 centimetres of precipitation, almost all of which falls in July and in August. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of -2.9°C and a frost-free period extending on the average from mid-June to late August.<br />Official statistics list less than 1 % of the country as arable, 8 to 10 % as forest, and the rest as pasture or desert. Grain, mostly wheat, is grown in the valleys of the Selenge river system in the north, but yields fluctuate widely and unpredictably as a result of the amount and the timing of rain and the dates of killing frosts. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-84365238264278426212009-05-07T09:09:00.005+10:002009-05-07T09:18:57.157+10:00E L S A L V A D O R<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOqZDSVsaNWMRi21-Eqe-rKy9rNR4OQGyMrrkcA9YlJnnPwQfgyDxma-t9WPV7dl5Yn7BYJiASmtMmxfDLuwQGRMIOY1PpVHa5-Go6uhnEHsX58dSokX8rfcubP0i52KHIz7LywQ/s1600-h/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Volcan+Izalco1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332854147693283906" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 270px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOqZDSVsaNWMRi21-Eqe-rKy9rNR4OQGyMrrkcA9YlJnnPwQfgyDxma-t9WPV7dl5Yn7BYJiASmtMmxfDLuwQGRMIOY1PpVHa5-Go6uhnEHsX58dSokX8rfcubP0i52KHIz7LywQ/s400/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Volcan+Izalco1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57wzsvu912aaOMs5B4wfIhg1pm1yQKTNtaukI-MestzohOvqZZlJOUGJ4IJ4G4eKu-dSPgxYrGzJqTBQZgp01t7u0CAZrZZ9JHHe4tsLsIUwy9kW6rlYR0sWIDMKnrgbgmcUOxQ/s1600-h/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Los+Planes1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332854143478979282" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj57wzsvu912aaOMs5B4wfIhg1pm1yQKTNtaukI-MestzohOvqZZlJOUGJ4IJ4G4eKu-dSPgxYrGzJqTBQZgp01t7u0CAZrZZ9JHHe4tsLsIUwy9kW6rlYR0sWIDMKnrgbgmcUOxQ/s400/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Los+Planes1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglNIfvCDcPPpz2v757sYPSjeEibkYt57x7KXkQbs0KEk6TsJTggad2VC8zfW4oR6nYbEYaZCckSXW5oA2srqsTn4zr2x5jB7LrIDTPLcRukPX_SJUvXPtL5fBs5pIVyW2zknEVww/s1600-h/El+Salvador+Map.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332854142837231858" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 204px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglNIfvCDcPPpz2v757sYPSjeEibkYt57x7KXkQbs0KEk6TsJTggad2VC8zfW4oR6nYbEYaZCckSXW5oA2srqsTn4zr2x5jB7LrIDTPLcRukPX_SJUvXPtL5fBs5pIVyW2zknEVww/s400/El+Salvador+Map.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuPeyqWSOurzZaIwE8Iozc1FLaBXpcp4a8DPkD7HsMrKKwlxhYhyphenhyphenE4ecIT2xvd1V1DNkMvKdE0l6qwrJ66NClf_WqXr6EBRlvWDPndBfUAVSHFufm2Bz_nyNfpZV-ek35tsRJKA/s1600-h/El+Salvador+Flag.png"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332854136758430930" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 226px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuuPeyqWSOurzZaIwE8Iozc1FLaBXpcp4a8DPkD7HsMrKKwlxhYhyphenhyphenE4ecIT2xvd1V1DNkMvKdE0l6qwrJ66NClf_WqXr6EBRlvWDPndBfUAVSHFufm2Bz_nyNfpZV-ek35tsRJKA/s400/El+Salvador+Flag.png" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGkO1coxuDFIpXEmaUmXDq2lRDMTDahja45BYfbB4_9flG246thacAmvv10M7UxxOF7B4e7ABDDORVl1QYoJkFinUwya0rRx3iTX8SUKJI1Iye7wlYQirbiP1E6zDdZI4ThSHciw/s1600-h/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Ilopango1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332853965778288514" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGkO1coxuDFIpXEmaUmXDq2lRDMTDahja45BYfbB4_9flG246thacAmvv10M7UxxOF7B4e7ABDDORVl1QYoJkFinUwya0rRx3iTX8SUKJI1Iye7wlYQirbiP1E6zDdZI4ThSHciw/s400/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Ilopango1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvh1_TfFSGGJE2x37T0hHnFYldZsx5PDyaCvXr__wvqq7FKxYKxL7Q7uKLhKVA-buUomF_0-jSK43ah8pw_caClm8FgtpXMyCEeVuT0gHiwkIc0vCnwNFGOzKCvFq9zM7od-lGg/s1600-h/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Coatepeque1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332853967456267698" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 266px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvh1_TfFSGGJE2x37T0hHnFYldZsx5PDyaCvXr__wvqq7FKxYKxL7Q7uKLhKVA-buUomF_0-jSK43ah8pw_caClm8FgtpXMyCEeVuT0gHiwkIc0vCnwNFGOzKCvFq9zM7od-lGg/s400/El+Salvador+San+Salvador+Coatepeque1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3T-Xp8lWWlbqgRYFaSHQurXAz5M2DYVFivUcC_a2tQu6Yhyphenhyphenz3ofGI-3auDBfzXo1hyX_M-PbGV4TTuY2T7k1hzaO1HwB4zMdTMSh3P285Bgf0BZ0-qiuGwJzGgjQbuM5K50DtuQ/s1600-h/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+San+Andres2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332853960601206274" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3T-Xp8lWWlbqgRYFaSHQurXAz5M2DYVFivUcC_a2tQu6Yhyphenhyphenz3ofGI-3auDBfzXo1hyX_M-PbGV4TTuY2T7k1hzaO1HwB4zMdTMSh3P285Bgf0BZ0-qiuGwJzGgjQbuM5K50DtuQ/s400/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+San+Andres2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ZCcNzjIEC6aT7fq-qhhoQ4A2_2OTLpuXCLdvAo10rTWzd069GnTTW3LtLIhq7JY3nmmDASWCQWEyZ-LLmqiONh-KiSJb_z0moOaNskL1FEmKY2h3y6_IYxvzzCmgYPNAK0Gq_g/s1600-h/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+San+Andres1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332853959898141138" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1ZCcNzjIEC6aT7fq-qhhoQ4A2_2OTLpuXCLdvAo10rTWzd069GnTTW3LtLIhq7JY3nmmDASWCQWEyZ-LLmqiONh-KiSJb_z0moOaNskL1FEmKY2h3y6_IYxvzzCmgYPNAK0Gq_g/s400/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+San+Andres1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhum-LS-eUB0KQt_CXvKk4A4VhdXE3hDCNn5CFc8sv08oYSJqJGbB3kbE_evVUCa21gYOhhgHuNYsQ6pfUkGpZ651F7IRxFe3nSGEoMmcnBfp0XixQ_Y3t-N3L2PVF-MYjufvD5fQ/s1600-h/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332853958752469730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhum-LS-eUB0KQt_CXvKk4A4VhdXE3hDCNn5CFc8sv08oYSJqJGbB3kbE_evVUCa21gYOhhgHuNYsQ6pfUkGpZ651F7IRxFe3nSGEoMmcnBfp0XixQ_Y3t-N3L2PVF-MYjufvD5fQ/s400/El+Salvador+La+Libertad+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><span style="color:#3366ff;"><strong>Country Name:</strong><br /></span><span style="color:#3366ff;">Conventional long form:</span> Republic of El Salvador<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">Conventional short form:</span> El Salvador<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">Local long form:</span> Republica de El Salvador<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">Local short form:</span> El Salvador<br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Background:<br /></span></strong>El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.<br /><br /><span style="color:#3366ff;"><strong>Geography:</strong><br /></span>El Salvador is located in Central America. It has a total area of 8,123 square miles (21,040 km²). It is the smallest country in continental America and is affectionately called the "Tom Thumb of the Americas" ("Pulgarcito de America"). It has 123.6 square miles (320& km²) of water within its borders. Several small rivers flow through El Salvador into the Pacific Ocean, including the Goascorán, Jiboa, Torola, Paz and the Río Grande de San Miguel. Only the largest river, the Lempa River, flowing from Guatemala and Honduras across El Salvador to the ocean, is navigatable for commercial traffic. Volcanic craters enclose lakes, the most important of which are Lake Ilopango (70 km²/27 sq mi) and Lake Coatepeque (26 km²/10 sq mi). Lake Güija is El Salvador's largest natural lake (44 km²/17 sq mi). Several artificial lakes were created by the damming of the Lempa, the largest of which is Embalse Cerrón Grande (350 km²/135 sq mi).<br /><br />El Salvador shares borders with Guatemala and Honduras. It is the only Central American country that does not have a Caribbean coastline. The highest point in the country is Cerro El Pital at 8,957 feet (2,730 m), which shares a border with Honduras.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Location:</span><br /></strong>Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and Honduras<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Capital:</span><br /></strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Name:</span> San Salvador<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">Time difference:</span> UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Area:</span> </strong></div><br /><div>21,040 sq km<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Climate:</span></strong><br />Tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands<br />El Salvador has a tropical climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons. Temperatures vary primarily with elevation and show little seasonal change. The Pacific lowlands are uniformly hot; the central plateau and mountain areas are more moderate. The rainy season extends from May to October. Almost all the annual rainfall occurs during this time, and yearly totals, particularly on southern-facing mountain slopes, can be as high as 217 centimeters (85 in). Protected areas and the central plateau receive less, although still significant, amounts. Rainfall during this season generally comes from low pressure over the Pacific and usually falls in heavy afternoon thunderstorms. Hurricanes occasionally form in the Pacific with the notable exception of Hurricane Mitch in 1998.<br />From November through April, the northeast trade winds control weather patterns. During these months, air flowing from the Caribbean has lost most of the precipitation while passing over the mountains in Honduras. By the time this air reaches El Salvador, it is dry, hot, and hazy.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Elevation Extremes:<br /></span></strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Lowest point:</span> Pacific Ocean 0 m<br /><span style="color:#3366ff;">Highest point:</span> Cerro El Pital 2,730 m<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Natural Resources:</span></strong><br />Hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Population:</span></strong><br />7,185,218<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Net Migration Rate:</span></strong><br />-3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 populations<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Urbanization:</span></strong><br />Urban population: 61% of total population (2008)<br />Rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2005-2010)<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Religions:</span></strong><br />Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 21.2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.9%, Mormon 0.7%, other religions 2.3%, none 16.8%<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Languages:</span></strong><br />Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-77490619189704144442009-04-07T13:23:00.010+10:002009-04-07T13:42:33.101+10:00E G Y P T<div align="center"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8E7_7v4MhkEuVj21rHLK8kVxUxXEJNijmE-Xk8KPUkFlNl62rBYkbhTCumkHJUC_YKbCmi9e0vqvGKK1kcQw2YzY9NK5GPUkILHojLIEWPCnu-QpBoKCRDqf2GJXEJsp8yvJdWw/s1600-h/01Egypt-flag.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786909131678386" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 266px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8E7_7v4MhkEuVj21rHLK8kVxUxXEJNijmE-Xk8KPUkFlNl62rBYkbhTCumkHJUC_YKbCmi9e0vqvGKK1kcQw2YzY9NK5GPUkILHojLIEWPCnu-QpBoKCRDqf2GJXEJsp8yvJdWw/s400/01Egypt-flag.gif" border="0" /></a>Egyptian Flag<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp7Aq0nijWCPDwEB3MgiKYTN_je_j1DjbMOqb7-yMwEg7V-ka8hp8IXe1WI4MHGAeUZOGzLaQbaOnSHQJTDn9W_DIT_mh7royJP9ey-NGPofxGyysoeRj2R8RkkPzaCJePdEU3g/s1600-h/02Egypt_Map2.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786909389436130" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 324px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDp7Aq0nijWCPDwEB3MgiKYTN_je_j1DjbMOqb7-yMwEg7V-ka8hp8IXe1WI4MHGAeUZOGzLaQbaOnSHQJTDn9W_DIT_mh7royJP9ey-NGPofxGyysoeRj2R8RkkPzaCJePdEU3g/s400/02Egypt_Map2.JPG" border="0" /></a>Egypt on Earth<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSYFXzxjChO8W1JQuwkSX_bN2eggjfvVJgbhmZEWA1eaYCPiydSHXgY8j9yK6JRhwO6uhQBAKXwVSxtsP_9NsoaHo9iHxffkNYxtNSu6VMQP-7AXV1HrkiHQvo75wb48nVJEQVsg/s1600-h/03Egypt_Map.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786904352516258" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 329px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 352px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSYFXzxjChO8W1JQuwkSX_bN2eggjfvVJgbhmZEWA1eaYCPiydSHXgY8j9yK6JRhwO6uhQBAKXwVSxtsP_9NsoaHo9iHxffkNYxtNSu6VMQP-7AXV1HrkiHQvo75wb48nVJEQVsg/s400/03Egypt_Map.gif" border="0" /></a> Map of Egypt<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9N7kTeqaAbkItt9nzgDEWSDSE3KLZNZ0GSD13avEIB6OgoDd2s-3knmWsRbu4SgUTy5Nq6PVPYssH46QCyO2U2XWG3Q6duO0NwQmboSTtV0ANgov0e2po5EqrvEIRF-ITn49Ylw/s1600-h/04Egypt_Cairo02.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786902244995010" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 202px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9N7kTeqaAbkItt9nzgDEWSDSE3KLZNZ0GSD13avEIB6OgoDd2s-3knmWsRbu4SgUTy5Nq6PVPYssH46QCyO2U2XWG3Q6duO0NwQmboSTtV0ANgov0e2po5EqrvEIRF-ITn49Ylw/s400/04Egypt_Cairo02.jpg" border="0" /></a> Cairo<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1lEzDYNO8E3s1mB5F8tD6FtUmySoEYbuHTUxD2gCJPcmMUOdTykh7hBO2_oeUZma77uicwcoXXA8zQmWNbL1sVT3AYMTRkR8CSRtg8WCQu9Iq80VpR4wVmhyrtBA1PZI4yzvGTQ/s1600-h/05Egypt_Cairo06.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786742889654130" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 361px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1lEzDYNO8E3s1mB5F8tD6FtUmySoEYbuHTUxD2gCJPcmMUOdTykh7hBO2_oeUZma77uicwcoXXA8zQmWNbL1sVT3AYMTRkR8CSRtg8WCQu9Iq80VpR4wVmhyrtBA1PZI4yzvGTQ/s400/05Egypt_Cairo06.jpg" border="0" /></a> Cairo<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioh06Q0VjUUqJ28wxCSlPaEHCkTcKenq6pn0ZrBOWIg_CJtdqy-fG2yA4g2jIlnyPMkdpTes2uCayQnnmY-01h9KNlTXZWpM08Uu_2EYI8l-lYqsK4NEJ-Osm4UF-_PBHwE0cv1w/s1600-h/06Egypt_Cairo04.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786749364513074" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 270px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioh06Q0VjUUqJ28wxCSlPaEHCkTcKenq6pn0ZrBOWIg_CJtdqy-fG2yA4g2jIlnyPMkdpTes2uCayQnnmY-01h9KNlTXZWpM08Uu_2EYI8l-lYqsK4NEJ-Osm4UF-_PBHwE0cv1w/s400/06Egypt_Cairo04.jpg" border="0" /></a> Cairo<br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnZTNuFyjq1iOdaBmdf5g-q8792COmX_eYDwzk0XCBnj7xlb7owx5CJ7pPLlEMHuYs48V807eUxQ5G813gc5Ke7iAG8ksdZX_Ruh83ByOlwRu_fEtEChrOsnr_o-6udg9RQHuXA/s1600-h/07Egypt_Cairo03.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786749108617714" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 286px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnZTNuFyjq1iOdaBmdf5g-q8792COmX_eYDwzk0XCBnj7xlb7owx5CJ7pPLlEMHuYs48V807eUxQ5G813gc5Ke7iAG8ksdZX_Ruh83ByOlwRu_fEtEChrOsnr_o-6udg9RQHuXA/s400/07Egypt_Cairo03.jpg" border="0" /></a> Cairo<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF0pbtIb35bHmoYNa8sFVWN4C2xtYYpKCpNgiMtNfjrkaK6qDQ36-uuGb6FRc4nFSNLTZ1pn_Dpt3KBqdgOb0S1i6OJalYsjv-By8RRZCDgfNswwsY_X2EuNiJJhfYoWt7zdZcsg/s1600-h/08Egypt_Cairo05.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786757778287938" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 266px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF0pbtIb35bHmoYNa8sFVWN4C2xtYYpKCpNgiMtNfjrkaK6qDQ36-uuGb6FRc4nFSNLTZ1pn_Dpt3KBqdgOb0S1i6OJalYsjv-By8RRZCDgfNswwsY_X2EuNiJJhfYoWt7zdZcsg/s400/08Egypt_Cairo05.jpg" border="0" /></a>Cairo<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSP_CERoXkAe-SpoW_1wg82cHwLgtZkJqdvO8S59byT4SZyXOnZNXskfUVp8yw8RWhdxYUJnP4k16qsQmbH__YVC9cr1rAfMUesO8LXWSYAzsyFbJ25RDSZectivztZ5DuR_bTPg/s1600-h/09Egypt_Cairo01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786311551724994" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 260px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSP_CERoXkAe-SpoW_1wg82cHwLgtZkJqdvO8S59byT4SZyXOnZNXskfUVp8yw8RWhdxYUJnP4k16qsQmbH__YVC9cr1rAfMUesO8LXWSYAzsyFbJ25RDSZectivztZ5DuR_bTPg/s400/09Egypt_Cairo01.jpg" border="0" /></a>Cairo<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW7DHqQwii6rguBzSut94tCCZWaX2ozkjT3EaldHxBHkAeDLQWNREnaBip2dN8VTAmJIKr-Azcd3XQ04BICWUeC2U3ur6qg4DcFYy55LuANsiy5xczdChp_54hib5LXMPssjefkA/s1600-h/10Egypt_Aswan01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786312646440978" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 267px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW7DHqQwii6rguBzSut94tCCZWaX2ozkjT3EaldHxBHkAeDLQWNREnaBip2dN8VTAmJIKr-Azcd3XQ04BICWUeC2U3ur6qg4DcFYy55LuANsiy5xczdChp_54hib5LXMPssjefkA/s400/10Egypt_Aswan01.jpg" border="0" /></a> Nile River<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_oF1YyCfGzRxQCIP_vRG5c_GaxPW3YBcoiiws-gn96E0egFrEP1C0g36DN-uowtzq0gNk29ocxCPAeon270awF-kRAPAzLILbtzJBWnfmdQG2Rre-2s_aUP-FiJyEPksUXDwtgA/s1600-h/11Egypt_Farafra02.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786311905965346" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 278px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_oF1YyCfGzRxQCIP_vRG5c_GaxPW3YBcoiiws-gn96E0egFrEP1C0g36DN-uowtzq0gNk29ocxCPAeon270awF-kRAPAzLILbtzJBWnfmdQG2Rre-2s_aUP-FiJyEPksUXDwtgA/s400/11Egypt_Farafra02.jpg" border="0" /></a>Farafra desert<br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVs8c54ff_yh3O49WRTdKWojFCPijYR4s9Fj2P-haL_scjy-VfPUs8-hw56Y-jo7YemnSyWbZZEGgBvjrIEBgCRfT7P7dxy3BImI8AwWUS_wH_fyhmpBo0lkcpFkq4lPkn7N79xg/s1600-h/12Egypt_Farafra01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5321786318278819090" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 276px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVs8c54ff_yh3O49WRTdKWojFCPijYR4s9Fj2P-haL_scjy-VfPUs8-hw56Y-jo7YemnSyWbZZEGgBvjrIEBgCRfT7P7dxy3BImI8AwWUS_wH_fyhmpBo0lkcpFkq4lPkn7N79xg/s400/12Egypt_Farafra01.jpg" border="0" /></a> Farafra desert </div><div align="left"><br /><br /></div><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ffffff;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Country Name:</span><br /></span><span style="color:#ffff66;">Conventional long form:</span></strong> Arab Republic of Egypt<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Conventional short form:</span></strong> Egypt<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Local long form:</span></strong> Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Local short form:</span></strong> Misr<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Former:</span></strong> United Arab Republic (with Syria)<br /><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Background:</strong><br /></span>The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Geography:</span></strong><br />At 1,001,450 square kilometres, Egypt is the world's 38th-largest country. In terms of land area, it is approximately the same size as all of Central America, twice the size of Spain, four times the size of the United Kingdom, and the combined size of the US states of Texas and California.<br />Nevertheless, due to the aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta, meaning that approximately 99% of the population uses only about 5.5% of the total land area.<br />Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, Sudan to the south, and by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, which in turn is traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea.<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Location:</span><br /></strong>Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Capital:</span><br /><span style="color:#ffff66;">Name:</span></strong> Cairo<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Time difference:</span></strong> UTC+2<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Area:</span></strong><br />1,001,450 sq km<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Climate:</span><br /></strong>Desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters<br />Egypt does not receive much rainfall except in the winter months. South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm per year and at intervals of many years. On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm, with most of the rainfall between October and March. Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. and rarely in Alexandria, frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt.<br />Temperatures average between 27 °C and 32 °C in summer, and up to 43 °C on the Red Sea coast. Temperatures average between 13 °C and 21 °C in winter. A steady wind from the northwest helps to hold down the temperature near the Mediterranean coast. The Khamaseen is a wind that blows from the south in Egypt in spring, bringing sand and dust, and sometimes raises the temperature in the desert to more than 38 °C.<br />Every year, a predictable flooding of the Nile replenishes Egypt's soil. This gives the country consistent harvest throughout the year. Many know this event as The Gift of the Nile.<br /><br /><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Elevation Extremes:</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Lowest point:</span></strong> Qattara Depression -133 m,<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Highest point:</span></strong> Mount Catherine 2,629 m<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Natural Resources:<br /></span></strong>Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Population:<br /></span></strong>83,082,869<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Net Migration Rate:</span></strong><br />-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Urbanization:</span><br /><span style="color:#ffff66;">Urban population:</span></strong> 43% of total population (2008)<br /><strong><span style="color:#ffff66;">Rate of urbanization:</span></strong> 1.8% annual rate of change (2005-2010)<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Religions:</strong><br /></span>Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%, Coptic 9%, other Christian 1%<br /></div><strong></strong><div align="left"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Languages:</span></strong><br />Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-71750892138071386712008-11-11T15:59:00.008+10:002008-11-11T16:10:40.224+10:00E C U A D O R<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilcwdYk57zAu2Ko8xmLes0J0F8_DTcsgqoXw_nPSbWXfzLL2hM5o9o03qut3xJtaMhoRf3L9BAqrFbbhHuzjayK80bGQDMN1VVp0e60vHVPmDIvm8lMCa8xoDKUuhUTTy537T2/s1600-h/17Ecuador+Riobamba1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5267278043341868178" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQVwEh1w4Z1aAtBBddPUFK77q1UYC_Mes07KLwaZGOMSfmL150Nxp1QDMULfl6uqpoVVw8YafmCRFP7fKvlXHO2vInrlnHBAfJgHysLUMIuImJRV9roMmB8xTMDWNwjY6UIHa/s400/02Ecuador+Galapagos2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZM62Z17N0N61KSr9wDpXFcaUV5yw5oAJTkDLJwcBeF_5kR67OrH9Zj3WTJ3P839s66jTPYUiAEswT8slduF8WA5lbrJAJOAtnPCqtS_mDM32bNa5_P645nf9BhBNRzhNuaeBP/s1600-h/04Ecuador+Tigua1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5267277530100307858" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 266px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZM62Z17N0N61KSr9wDpXFcaUV5yw5oAJTkDLJwcBeF_5kR67OrH9Zj3WTJ3P839s66jTPYUiAEswT8slduF8WA5lbrJAJOAtnPCqtS_mDM32bNa5_P645nf9BhBNRzhNuaeBP/s400/04Ecuador+Tigua1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoKAp7M1vdjJiJXbKeAR2u94OAeKbeg2ZGwihmKS_9OCk-x7TtyujJTqqH9v5KC1i2RNxKSGki8aDqXNkEJTNQbzlQVHKWqRnPEM3lkh904NO9hIs5iPULbnFTJomS_lxsjCw/s1600-h/03Ecuador+Santa+Cruz1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5267277535641045522" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 194px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguoKAp7M1vdjJiJXbKeAR2u94OAeKbeg2ZGwihmKS_9OCk-x7TtyujJTqqH9v5KC1i2RNxKSGki8aDqXNkEJTNQbzlQVHKWqRnPEM3lkh904NO9hIs5iPULbnFTJomS_lxsjCw/s400/03Ecuador+Santa+Cruz1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG0jkfLVCnhaqfrQzw9_jlzb28GAaiVWlWVXgxlzRkaDYOxyco00V1S2N0qGXE43eES_X3j-CUUtrUwsd31CNdkv2tF1AD-aU1XPet0Mc9kh7ZDnenA629ECwcveW5WUHndpQ0/s1600-h/05Ecuador+Pujili1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5267277522562171682" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 294px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG0jkfLVCnhaqfrQzw9_jlzb28GAaiVWlWVXgxlzRkaDYOxyco00V1S2N0qGXE43eES_X3j-CUUtrUwsd31CNdkv2tF1AD-aU1XPet0Mc9kh7ZDnenA629ECwcveW5WUHndpQ0/s400/05Ecuador+Pujili1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>Ecuador is one of the smallest countries in South America, but it surely has some of the continent's most spectacular points-of-interest.<br />Leading the list is Quito, described by many travelers as the most beautiful city in South America. With its elevation and location near the Equator, its climate is considered a "permanent spring."<br />Additional attractions include several archaeological sites; a stunning selection of national parks, including Cotopaxi's (Avenue of the Volcanoes,) Podocarpus, Sangay and Yasumi; rainforest expeditions, the cities of Ambato and Otavalo; the natural springs at Banos, and of course, the Galapagos Islands.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures<br /></span></strong><strong>Name</strong> Ecuador<br />(long form) Republic of Ecuador<br /><strong>Population</strong> 13,363,600 (64 OUT OF 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Quito (1.4 mil)<br /><strong>Currency</strong> U S dollar (USD)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Spanish, Amerindian<br /><strong>National Day</strong> August 10<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic (95%), others<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Statistics</span></strong><br /><strong>Coastline</strong> 2,237 km<br /><strong>Land Areas</strong><br />(land) 276,840 sq km<br />(water) 6,720 sq km<br />(TOTAL) 283,560 sq km (71 OUT OF 192)<br />Landforms Ecuador is divided into four regions: the coastal lowlands and mountains areas; the central Andes Mountains and it's two major chains (Cordillera Occidental in the west) and the (Cordillera Oriental in the east); the lower mountains that fade into rolling hills and lowlands of the east, and the territory of the Galapagos Islands - officially called the Archipiélago de Colón - located about 1,000 km to the west.<br />The Andes includes over 20 peaks at least 4,200 m in height with most located in the Cordillera Occidental. In addition, there are over 30 peaks that are volcanic in nature, including many active ones.<br />Most rivers in Ecuador rise in the upper elevations of the Andes, flowing east toward the Amazon River, or west into the Pacific Ocean. The most significant include the Babahoyo, Chira, Coca, Curaray, Daule, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Napo, Paztaza, and the Putumayo, on its northeastern border with Colombia.<br />Highest Pt. Mt. Chimborazo 6,267 m<br />Lowest Pt. Pacific Ocean at 0 m<br /><strong>Climate</strong> </div><br /><div>Ecuador has a tropical climate along its coastal areas, then becoming much cooler inland, especially in the higher elevations of the Andes. The jungle-covered plains of the eastern lowlands are hot and very damp throughout the year, with copious amounts of rain.<br />The most significant climate variations occur in the Andes, where in general terms, mornings are cold and afternoons warm.<br />The lower levels of the mountains are tropical and experience heavy precipitation. Somewhat typically of any mountainous country, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperatures fall, and rainfall also decreases. In the upper elevations here, the Andes are snow-capped, and temperatures are very cold.<br />Quito is over (2,800 m) in elevation; its highest temperatures are in August and September, where daily highs approach 22° C. The balance of the year high temperatures are generally around 16° C. The months of June and July are the coldest, with highs around 4° C.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-30287913344262991882008-10-06T16:39:00.004+10:002008-10-06T16:48:16.894+10:00D O M I N I C A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuTHQi6XCvxIZaXBnNoTh-vwIHLFYHOQnjnXbaRr81DGIazaOVNo6z49B7oEDFa_93FAPfXfc9a-w114N00552FNQeE0ndTGKoXWGBPC90xS5hvHlvSaRGftRH1jj4IJJwNbYD/s1600-h/dominica-map.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253929080208702514" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuTHQi6XCvxIZaXBnNoTh-vwIHLFYHOQnjnXbaRr81DGIazaOVNo6z49B7oEDFa_93FAPfXfc9a-w114N00552FNQeE0ndTGKoXWGBPC90xS5hvHlvSaRGftRH1jj4IJJwNbYD/s400/dominica-map.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_2b7XN2hKLGIRBd8xJoi1atPgH8qZwP_rbVPY_VtHt4LV20Zpt91Dm5Pozv7gF9PTRgDMhrDPYHFFti6urwFO4IjTB0jM4PGn37o_FgJVsVUZzUCXLNfph_IZFcYgXG3Qe7l/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+Peter1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928775186613042" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo_G59DDlIBRqgEEWUMv6MUZc25Cwx_H9zBnYf-CXsD-20zJ-_wNVuYWx0u-hcfV2ZXTVw7EJi7mXcvTJHdvXcduEAT41xqHV4ugs2CmQfOCrqM9EyTcWQsm_Vq3W7CrL1jCO9/s400/Dominica_Saint_Pauls1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaiMyJcjIFkAc1PEheGwG7vuBQ41jMDzFoxLdi0LXWVi1A99kwTuRuDMOKIGzlA3kRMG8MyARvZYDXcJjDDZv1KgbZT9MhiazMwMUc1B5X97pSaPoMhep0keDp2ZKRz5y1caNA/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint_Pauls2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928781581185826" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaiMyJcjIFkAc1PEheGwG7vuBQ41jMDzFoxLdi0LXWVi1A99kwTuRuDMOKIGzlA3kRMG8MyARvZYDXcJjDDZv1KgbZT9MhiazMwMUc1B5X97pSaPoMhep0keDp2ZKRz5y1caNA/s400/Dominica_Saint_Pauls2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7E1AFutPqtLC4zQ2U-XjFrY2fvTQQCpw5p7I-q9CBJmBys9fUQHvT3AnnOJAz-1BEMWoa0lCiQ6FpOzcyiQutoCgfpL9dvajNQ80oAtZmuQWNupzpQCyqpuTqyCuUNBGxWQu/s1600-h/dominica-flag.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928778817963874" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7E1AFutPqtLC4zQ2U-XjFrY2fvTQQCpw5p7I-q9CBJmBys9fUQHvT3AnnOJAz-1BEMWoa0lCiQ6FpOzcyiQutoCgfpL9dvajNQ80oAtZmuQWNupzpQCyqpuTqyCuUNBGxWQu/s400/dominica-flag.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDsT5mSMxzAqmGfkyLOBv9TnyJc1mJav__F02cQdHzJR75yO7smk40rAVUEdX36BCJ6iNb0tAUsiwMwutCl7E63IC6KBeRzE2PYjJehM2m0zXJuP-P1PyMwP43pyKi6QcMVeRd/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+David1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928613607120770" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDsT5mSMxzAqmGfkyLOBv9TnyJc1mJav__F02cQdHzJR75yO7smk40rAVUEdX36BCJ6iNb0tAUsiwMwutCl7E63IC6KBeRzE2PYjJehM2m0zXJuP-P1PyMwP43pyKi6QcMVeRd/s400/Dominica_Saint+David1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPNs25HuwLJY5aYws_2yYBjqk4eZSVRnYixVI7mIRs396izLyxwQ_OrpUjaKr-qAQgwbM-Z8g9MotI3l1CvaQwD51p9VyYnDpNMRfOkmgKkKiuxeNqPETutZVEL1U4B41glBXI/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+David2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928617932151346" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPNs25HuwLJY5aYws_2yYBjqk4eZSVRnYixVI7mIRs396izLyxwQ_OrpUjaKr-qAQgwbM-Z8g9MotI3l1CvaQwD51p9VyYnDpNMRfOkmgKkKiuxeNqPETutZVEL1U4B41glBXI/s400/Dominica_Saint+David2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfvyXD6_qP4SwnIAxONcvwNybw-1fLpCyuo9jh1tc7bXArjNMWNsbyEVdnNQaQN1EjU1BhLF9LEc-TJAaM_dJdZUUoDtHJgn1hD8PBlMZ1MBzj2qNy_rZv1sZzSMFr24lxYrP/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+John1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928616603153730" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfvyXD6_qP4SwnIAxONcvwNybw-1fLpCyuo9jh1tc7bXArjNMWNsbyEVdnNQaQN1EjU1BhLF9LEc-TJAaM_dJdZUUoDtHJgn1hD8PBlMZ1MBzj2qNy_rZv1sZzSMFr24lxYrP/s400/Dominica_Saint+John1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirAw2bekjA2rlKKnd93JFErBo6OH9oiErSWIQ8C_D025EKYat3aUoZhuVXALRT1ujExQC7IjCGgmGBK36HbnMk9TjinsJWlr0PIot-1YTsPiZtRqCyOZHvUMwkljSzqZaWhkP/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+John2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928619228951906" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirAw2bekjA2rlKKnd93JFErBo6OH9oiErSWIQ8C_D025EKYat3aUoZhuVXALRT1ujExQC7IjCGgmGBK36HbnMk9TjinsJWlr0PIot-1YTsPiZtRqCyOZHvUMwkljSzqZaWhkP/s400/Dominica_Saint+John2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYXbPUjSo7sk6Cfogrm5MbwcBa5XeLHLjutQ6gVpsCGT0IpWxv4mZ5_rQ0sWSkyaN7QGGf2qc68AxV_-CAlDcJ7uXrav9NrRF6yupGOSD-J1_8Q5aB_tIKJoBPDBPSC1F0ZPdf/s1600-h/Dominica_Saint+John3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5253928621957259554" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYXbPUjSo7sk6Cfogrm5MbwcBa5XeLHLjutQ6gVpsCGT0IpWxv4mZ5_rQ0sWSkyaN7QGGf2qc68AxV_-CAlDcJ7uXrav9NrRF6yupGOSD-J1_8Q5aB_tIKJoBPDBPSC1F0ZPdf/s400/Dominica_Saint+John3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div>Dominica is an island nation and borderless country in the Caribbean Sea, the northernmost of the Windward Islands. The size of the country is about 754 km². The capital is Roseau.<br /><br />Dominica is largely covered by rainforest and is home to the world's second-largest boiling lake. Dominica has many waterfalls, springs, and rivers. Some plants and animals thought to be extinct on surrounding islands can still be found in Dominica's forests. The volcanic nature of the island and the lack of sandy beaches have made Dominica a popular scuba diving spot. Dominica is home to several protected areas, including Cabrits National Park. Dominica has 365 rivers.<br /><br />It is said that when his royal sponsors asked Christopher Columbus to describe this island in the "New World", he crumpled a piece of parchment roughly and threw it on the table. This, Columbus explained, is what Dominica looks like—completely covered with mountains with nary a flat spot.<br /><br />Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest blended with scenic volcanic features.[2] It was recognized as a World Heritage Site on April 4, 1995. Within the Caribbean, it shares this distinction with historic World Heritage sites in St. Lucia (2004), Saint Kitts (1999), Hispaniola (Dominican Republic [1990]/Haiti [1982]) and Cuba (multiple).<br /><br />The Commonwealth of Dominica is engaged in a long-running dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's territorial claims to the sea surrounding Isla Aves (literally Bird Island, but in fact called Bird Rock by Dominica authorities), a tiny islet located 70 miles (110 km) west of the island of Dominica.<br /><br />The only two major cities are Roseau and Portsmouth.<br /><br />Dominica is especially vulnerable to hurricanes as the island is located in what is referred to as the hurricane region. In 1979, Dominica was hit directly by category 5 Hurricane David, causing widespread and extreme damage. On August 17, 2007, Hurricane Dean, a category 1 at the time, hit the island. A mother and her seven-year-old son died when a landslide caused by the heavy rains fell onto their house. In another incident two people were injured when a tree fell on their house. Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit estimated that 100 to 125 homes were damaged, and that the agriculture sector was extensively damaged, in particular the banana crop.</div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-57508791209315783792008-05-25T10:57:00.005+10:002008-05-25T11:05:04.669+10:00D E N M A R K<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTa59-JG_uOOCBjQBkqdGcVCXWD0uABW2RhiU8H9yOfCysUtFmaMmiGos_mbdROOxLMzPX4aiK7sCij2o6aZPeReRDKQba9rKmdP2SgFzv4QkDqM__JsyU6XbTpXv4c4Cw6oBb/s1600-h/18Denmark+Greenland1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5204114346420874002" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTa59-JG_uOOCBjQBkqdGcVCXWD0uABW2RhiU8H9yOfCysUtFmaMmiGos_mbdROOxLMzPX4aiK7sCij2o6aZPeReRDKQba9rKmdP2SgFzv4QkDqM__JsyU6XbTpXv4c4Cw6oBb/s400/18Denmark+Greenland1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglmCMA_sSLkdxq-3CReuDTPeizL5AuUHs5gYC4zAOLE1S8VwAoBiuUcQY4edJmMX-Td0A0_99fXyfbc-4M_JCIetZt0GWGO8hRulM4j9AwlHjP3L7_L1nhkapO6-JSA22nh6F0/s1600-h/19Denmark+Flag.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5204114350715841314" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3JUCsjwFIjb3gT03lYesGSDnEiYj3oGknnqRacbke7Ucu7dr7T9imlANi8b28o2eGy-v7JGPhia8OVczApY-8yfhSdzT7XAgXbcK3UYwEcEe02HfbAoaYVswCsUbFEi0qLgv/s400/03Czech+Helfenburk+01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnu9rfozTwdFv2g6uV_lnlDCA4gtpCDolIRfZaonStg-5_IRAbADvr4qWoYklilPPbXJ-BmlUetRfYQx9P5P8W_-BPRf2DflKbj61kMI41ANPGt1de4GOMJx5A-90PQeLshuki/s1600-h/04Czech+Pague+10.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182793413494045266" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnu9rfozTwdFv2g6uV_lnlDCA4gtpCDolIRfZaonStg-5_IRAbADvr4qWoYklilPPbXJ-BmlUetRfYQx9P5P8W_-BPRf2DflKbj61kMI41ANPGt1de4GOMJx5A-90PQeLshuki/s400/04Czech+Pague+10.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPl_6hGHE-U8qSsCU9ILogFfgo_4HYc8z_NURvqy6eXB7Chm506ti-unOOg7rZ-lvlzfsXtZv7i3U6Z59JDsHn_kJDPAPO4xowcaFky6bm5-UaC8BLh3ngv3eDvdbRn4v0-M_/s1600-h/05Czech+Straznice+01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5182793422083979874" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKPl_6hGHE-U8qSsCU9ILogFfgo_4HYc8z_NURvqy6eXB7Chm506ti-unOOg7rZ-lvlzfsXtZv7i3U6Z59JDsHn_kJDPAPO4xowcaFky6bm5-UaC8BLh3ngv3eDvdbRn4v0-M_/s400/05Czech+Straznice+01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div dir="rtl" align="left">The Czech lands were under Habsburg rule from 1526, later becoming part of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. The independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I. After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, disillusion with the Western response and occupation by the Red Army, the Communist party gained the majority in 1946 elections. Czechoslovakia was a Communist state from 1948 until the 1989 Velvet Revolution. On 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia<br />The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy. President Václav Klaus is the current head of state. The Prime Minister is the head of government (currently Mirek Topolánek). The Parliament has two chambers — the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. It is also a member of the OECD, the Visegrád group and the Council of Europe<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Quick Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Czech Republic<br /><strong>Population</strong> 10,290,000 (78 out of 192) l<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Prague (1.7 million) l<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Czech (official) l<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 49° 45'N, 15° 30'E<br /><strong>Official Currency</strong> Koruna (CZK) l<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic, many others<br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 78,864 sq km (30,449 sq miles) (114 out of 192) l<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> In essence, the Czech Republic is a large plateau surrounded by mountains, with a large slice of central lowland. l<br />The Czech Republic has a temperate, continental climate with relatively hot summers and cold, cloudy winters, usually with snow. Most rains are during the summer. The temperature difference between summers and winters is relatively high due to its landlocked geographical position. l<br />Even within the Czech Republic, temperatures vary greatly depending on the altitude. In general, at higher altitudes the temperatures decrease and precipitation increases. Another important factor is the distribution of the mountains. The climate therefore is very varied. l<br />At the highest peak (Sněžka, 1602 m) the average temperature is only -0.4 °C, whereas in the lowlands of South Moravia, the average temperature is as high as 10 °C. This also applies for the country's capital Prague, but this is due to urban factors. l<br />The coldest month is usually January followed by February and December. During these months there is usually snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major cities and lowlands, but this snow tends to melt very quickly and so most of the winter is just wet. l<br />During March, April and May, the temperatures usually increase rapidly and especially during April the temperatures and weather tend to vary a lot during the day. Spring is also characterized by high water levels in the rivers due to melting snow and there are often floods. l<br />The warmest month of the year is July, followed by August and June. On average, the summer temperatures are about 20 °C higher than during winter. Especially in the last decade, temperatures above 30 °C are not unusual. Summer is also characterized by rains and storms. l<br />Autumn usually begins in September, which is still relatively warm, but much drier. During October, temperatures usually fall back under 15 or 10 °C and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of November, temperatures usually range around the freezing point.l</div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-84087459313927020992007-12-27T14:30:00.000+10:002007-12-27T14:35:05.056+10:00C Y P R U S<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh84jb3CMMspwYG3N-smz-arOUOYUKaFvamXV68iNAeVc5O6qdBCd6TFfX7d6TuZ2Xg2Ckf5JSnx_pCwcHySX_Nan9TjPeJzlMhEUKLcU9GmnSb3GTBa4VD-pRfSV6lDXqSq-7Z/s1600-h/19Cyprus+Larnaca2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5148506022041483234" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh84jb3CMMspwYG3N-smz-arOUOYUKaFvamXV68iNAeVc5O6qdBCd6TFfX7d6TuZ2Xg2Ckf5JSnx_pCwcHySX_Nan9TjPeJzlMhEUKLcU9GmnSb3GTBa4VD-pRfSV6lDXqSq-7Z/s400/19Cyprus+Larnaca2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFvWpXTn-oUTcmvFsZDv64u6CA6vBypFdLxBhyphenhyphenBFHzbzIhTI4fc5E41Dwmy0F-zBdC030wNktJZT8DllDHI4GKEkR-WlzmKMUicItkbYlh0oHK_jIC1v0I4-WiIWka4sD07Itw/s1600-h/18Cyprus+kyrenia3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5148506026336450546" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fEStROxh6frm-qTFKLLZsRvS_xFpJjfusM-7ywFNQuEnU1hUkw2_ayPzcAWz7RU9fu3T4_oHovJZX96FUV6Dy0ymIUMA2eeSYGKaTHApE1bWrYjV-hR9WDysOrsFxM1To86l/s400/02Cyprus+Nicosia1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKF1usTW8h6qPz3U3oTOEVURfCHaGiv4q5EPiijSE89MRbCahZlyrvoot1-u9lZkTh7g-7HkVNSpPD3A9QboPwCWzoZYzXguIA-CbhmOQTf1o4wEAFg179OnCtFt2ZvWOD_n1/s1600-h/01Cyprus+Nicosia3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5148505605429655346" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKF1usTW8h6qPz3U3oTOEVURfCHaGiv4q5EPiijSE89MRbCahZlyrvoot1-u9lZkTh7g-7HkVNSpPD3A9QboPwCWzoZYzXguIA-CbhmOQTf1o4wEAFg179OnCtFt2ZvWOD_n1/s400/01Cyprus+Nicosia3.jpg" border="0" /></a> Cyprus is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Mediterranean, attracting over 2.4 million tourists per year.[1] A former British colony, it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960 and became a Commonwealth republic in 1961. The Republic of Cyprus is a developed country and has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004.<br />In 1974, following a period of violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots and an attempted Greek Cypriot coup d'état sponsored by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, Turkey invaded and occupied one-third of the island. This led to the displacement of thousands of Cypriots and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriot political entity in the north. This event and its resulting political situation is a matter of ongoing dispute.<br />The Republic of Cyprus, the internationally recognized state, has de jure sovereignty over 97% of the island of Cyprus and all surrounding waters, and the United Kingdom controls the remaining three percent. Cyprus is the mythical birthplace of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, of beauty and love, also known as Kypris or the Cyprian. According to Hesiod's Theogony, the goddess emerged fully grown from the sea where the severed genitals of the god Uranus were cast by his son Kronos, causing the sea to foam (Greek: Aphros). Her birth was famously depicted by the artist Botticelli in The Birth of Venus. The legendary site of Aphrodite's birth is at Petra Tou Romiou ("Aphrodite's Rock"), a large sea stack close to the coastal cliffs near Paphos. Throughout ancient history Cyprus was a flourishing centre for the cultic worship of Aphrodite.<br />The climate is temperate and Mediterranean with dry summers and variably rainy winters. Summer temperatures range from warm at higher elevations in the Tröodos mountains to hot in the lowlands. Winter temperatures are mild at lower elevations, where snow rarely occurs, but are significantly colder in the mountains, where there is sufficient snow for a seasonal ski facility. Dust storms are frequent throughout the year.</div><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Quick Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /> <strong>Official Name</strong> Republic of Cyprus<br /> <strong>Population</strong> 793,100, and that number does not include the estimated 115,000 Turks in the north. (154 out of 192)<br /> <strong>Capital City</strong> Nicosia (pop. 207,000)<br /> <strong>Languages</strong> Greek (official), English, Turkish<br /> <strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 35° 00'N, 33° 00'E<br /> <strong>Currency</strong> Greek Area: Cypriot Pound, Turkish Area: Turkish Lira<br /> <strong>Religions</strong> Greek Orthodox, Muslim<br /> <strong>Land Area</strong> 9,251sq km (3,372 sq miles) (160 out of 192)<br /> <strong>Landforms</strong> A narrow band of mountains (the Kyrenia) slices across the north, while in the south, the Troodos Mountains dominate. Mt. Olympus is the highest point, at 6,403 ft., (1,951m). A somewhat fertile plain crosses the center of the island, with Nicosia at the southern end. The only rivers of size include the Pedias and Kariyoti. </div><div><strong>Climate</strong> Cyprus is the hottest, driest island in the Mediterranean. It typically enjoys 340 days of sunshine a year. The rainy season is from November to March, with most of the rain falling between December and February. The spring season is mild. Early May can be windy, and by the middle of May the temperature begins to rise, and during July and August, it can reach well above 30 degrees centigrade. Autumn extends well into November.<br /></div><div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-42178975261823723502007-12-21T13:45:00.001+10:002007-12-21T14:02:41.525+10:00C U B A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezevm0NqUzTGImw2aHuP-_bPMn3uArNDru8b8lPDwvIHxE8UfRm5BBiU2QANoQ-_2W1NkKMI93GFclVC4Y66q0FrmXlistQh_gVvFVY9uyYYIsqesIJeFu1fCpBzhg8YBCspE/s1600-h/16Cuba+Varadero2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146271552420837058" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezevm0NqUzTGImw2aHuP-_bPMn3uArNDru8b8lPDwvIHxE8UfRm5BBiU2QANoQ-_2W1NkKMI93GFclVC4Y66q0FrmXlistQh_gVvFVY9uyYYIsqesIJeFu1fCpBzhg8YBCspE/s400/16Cuba+Varadero2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic73jpcLtcgeMUxgPkb7jbuASrP2Ja8upi-0vIQ4ir10B29sZZ-BQAvvqWYpxalL5mW4FNQHIeNJ-wQb51jUlqEDZiN_B9kp1p2bTpQEsfDtKS7-_vAjiMulppMkCvWb3onYhf/s1600-h/15Cuba+Varadero1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146271341967439474" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2DkcZtVCqYIbPyeZEBQgWmMfzZR2mE-hPMizfvq8qToco_K962nKhi1iHBEsQRJ_SYaML9ZG2Xpv1vfhjYU9pngqiLK64IuY2kyz9XRKOXg2iThe8uOTps6CvPWSFOtU8Gl38/s400/05Cuba+La+Habana3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJMHtNlgaDVjpXazXeLEbvjcktLGmAzM97vt_Lx7s1amVyB5mR4fWYO6hP6XYDJ7is8MaM6IqO0rdR_gYWwQUTe826BSNT5lKCJTPojHj4Su24JJthjyQCPvx_iqrL3xungaF1/s1600-h/04Cuba+La+Havana1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146270968305284578" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJMHtNlgaDVjpXazXeLEbvjcktLGmAzM97vt_Lx7s1amVyB5mR4fWYO6hP6XYDJ7is8MaM6IqO0rdR_gYWwQUTe826BSNT5lKCJTPojHj4Su24JJthjyQCPvx_iqrL3xungaF1/s400/04Cuba+La+Havana1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Yy18A38B_lcDTe0J9JByFmwPu7lXyL51TYO4xNI2LhSJkxQf3nwyphrCS7MrxRzRx45p313mhMiVz-CR1ZvNTANXu5CYRki8BFP4t54zhG-E-OMb0D7BxtPZ2hKhIp29kuvr/s1600-h/03Cuba+Miramar1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146270972600251890" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Yy18A38B_lcDTe0J9JByFmwPu7lXyL51TYO4xNI2LhSJkxQf3nwyphrCS7MrxRzRx45p313mhMiVz-CR1ZvNTANXu5CYRki8BFP4t54zhG-E-OMb0D7BxtPZ2hKhIp29kuvr/s400/03Cuba+Miramar1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6XBFdRnU3mQktEwY2Y2KdgJmM48L2EF257n7tgF97kR_OZd14HXnVzLi3_vwuLB5H0Jpyk0Xq32gKSvQpsFo_kHSrFurADDLEq39-5pTISl7DHXqSuuMOxWi50m-8A8VGP1f/s1600-h/02Cuba+Moa1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146270972600251906" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC6XBFdRnU3mQktEwY2Y2KdgJmM48L2EF257n7tgF97kR_OZd14HXnVzLi3_vwuLB5H0Jpyk0Xq32gKSvQpsFo_kHSrFurADDLEq39-5pTISl7DHXqSuuMOxWi50m-8A8VGP1f/s400/02Cuba+Moa1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0q192b5_E1KzQu5Y2F64-2BKc575XFOrumLHMY9KjuWLO4Ca15s4w0SLgXLz0707AkIOvvTV6lHe8njwPrVUB3MQ7QZaQu8xy7zJfmrLxQ18d8TtqYyeJye-lHLT4xVUq6L08/s1600-h/01Cuba+Cienfuegos1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5146270976895219218" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0q192b5_E1KzQu5Y2F64-2BKc575XFOrumLHMY9KjuWLO4Ca15s4w0SLgXLz0707AkIOvvTV6lHe8njwPrVUB3MQ7QZaQu8xy7zJfmrLxQ18d8TtqYyeJye-lHLT4xVUq6L08/s400/01Cuba+Cienfuegos1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><p>Cuba is the most populous nation in the Caribbean. Its people, culture and customs draw from several sources including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples, the period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves, and its proximity to the United States. The island has a tropical climate that is moderated by the surrounding waters; however, the warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that the island of Cuba sits across the access to the Gulf of Mexico make Cuba prone to frequent hurricanes. Cuba's main island, at 766 miles long (1,232.5 km), is the world's 17th largest.</p><br /><br /><p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Quick Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Republic of Cuba<br /><strong>Population</strong> 11,822,800 (69 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Havana (2.3 million)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Spanish<br /><strong>Official Currency</strong> Cuban Peso<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic, others<br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 110,860 sq km (103 out of 192)<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 21º 30N, 80º 00W </p><br /><br /><p>Cuba is an archipelago of islands located in the Caribbean Sea, with the geographic coordinates 21°3N, 80°00W. Cuba is the principal island, which is surrounded by four main groups of islands. These are the Colorados, the Sabana-Camagüey, the Jardines de la Reina and the Canarreos. The main island of Cuba constitutes most of the nation's land area or 105,006 km² (40,543 sq mi) and is the seventeenth-largest island in the world by land area. The second largest island in Cuba is the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) in the southwest, with an area of 3,056 km² (1,180 sq mi). Cuba has a total land area of 110,860 km² (42,803 sq mi).<br />The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains. At the southeastern end is the Sierra Maestra, a range of steep mountains whose highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 1,975 meters (6,480 ft). The local climate is tropical, though moderated by trade winds. In general (with local variations), there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. The average temperature is 21 °C in January and 27 °C in July. Cuba lies in the path of hurricanes, and these destructive storms are most common in September and October. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. Better known smaller towns include Baracoa which was the first Spanish settlement on Cuba, Trinidad, a UNESCO world heritage site, and Bayamo.</p><br /><br /><div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-6368805480187557402007-12-13T18:35:00.000+10:002007-12-13T18:56:32.928+10:00C R O A T I A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV3QbASgXTxkwcYUrFpgx3-AYa4AQzSr0HHeonkrJ6C7LxXlrUzp2MKdbtEM5rXJ0O8ekU5FW65icp5XWeJ3MUBtuobIjTmlA2wgObSaQ91axQXpBcfALp7yKrxREtyERqE-An/s1600-h/31Croatia+Pula1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5143378164042136274" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV3QbASgXTxkwcYUrFpgx3-AYa4AQzSr0HHeonkrJ6C7LxXlrUzp2MKdbtEM5rXJ0O8ekU5FW65icp5XWeJ3MUBtuobIjTmlA2wgObSaQ91axQXpBcfALp7yKrxREtyERqE-An/s400/31Croatia+Pula1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5dzrObxVIXekU0ss95nLWKqWJ69ZoYeosbF8Ix1JMT2L-W_CjjuID4jRMUlseYKQh101yeliPV9SuFF16_C67MoYINOQ68qWItHLMOuiWyCynnkyojyRB2WpVcobDhxXCGWJ/s1600-h/30Croatia+Motovun2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5143377983653509762" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4-jt-XLeebyxYYgwq4UJiZVLz5zj5I43SW4pG_ePHp9mqAa9qV_MvihRkW6HwLNK00zNzHDk5G2poN62rmL3FPzpzEAV2UY8aykFl2vLIQhc0ZrxsUZgd5GpxN8p09joMcAcN/s400/04Croatia+Plitvice1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKLZIjOfdvUOrF2e04xEZLcPLqwpCg53hOLSu2QQ8keSIsZPwkjANA6Lpf4mpTL8ecKz9RXgQ0uIhKs3cBuOl7Ri8yLNQ64UJSKGKA0zZ8SAHDHMUp2CCGc0mRw3GxEsBCQla/s1600-h/03Croatia+Pag1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5143373929204381954" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKLZIjOfdvUOrF2e04xEZLcPLqwpCg53hOLSu2QQ8keSIsZPwkjANA6Lpf4mpTL8ecKz9RXgQ0uIhKs3cBuOl7Ri8yLNQ64UJSKGKA0zZ8SAHDHMUp2CCGc0mRw3GxEsBCQla/s400/03Croatia+Pag1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJ82qZeWjWKB-axHkZizQmC8htwBICu2m52zOZ1iZfZ1S4l5JNT6CiUTCpXxoRl_1kcxPoyAJRw0tuN0phf731ecG95UTPfzYeLnre7iOXdWgD5fr8kuvUMEhXxiX6or_V2un/s1600-h/02Croatia+Hum1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5143373933499349266" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJ82qZeWjWKB-axHkZizQmC8htwBICu2m52zOZ1iZfZ1S4l5JNT6CiUTCpXxoRl_1kcxPoyAJRw0tuN0phf731ecG95UTPfzYeLnre7iOXdWgD5fr8kuvUMEhXxiX6or_V2un/s400/02Croatia+Hum1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJdKrtTF4MbZoM33BFDDH5PrSt_2SWKq9XWD4EA46sgF_xxP-yQHOnnrH4NybRU4J5FXOvMw9yaFfEUOFoq6JH-TmsiHm_n3PNurbejsxv9Qi2ECxge1hc4Sv6OUp3ZGbY35K/s1600-h/01Croatia+Zagreb2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5143373933499349282" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJdKrtTF4MbZoM33BFDDH5PrSt_2SWKq9XWD4EA46sgF_xxP-yQHOnnrH4NybRU4J5FXOvMw9yaFfEUOFoq6JH-TmsiHm_n3PNurbejsxv9Qi2ECxge1hc4Sv6OUp3ZGbY35K/s400/01Croatia+Zagreb2.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Country Details<br /></span></strong>Croatia is a country at the crossroads of the Mediterranean, Central Europe, and the Balkans. Its capital is Zagreb. Croatia borders with Slovenia and Hungary to the north, Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the east, Montenegro to the far southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the south. Croatia is a candidate for membership of the European Union and is expecting NATO membership invitation in April 2008. On October 17, 2007 Croatia became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008-2009 term.The Croats settled in the Balkans in the early 7th century and formed two principalities: Dalmatia and Pannonia. The establishment of the Trpimirović dynasty ca 850 brought strengthening to the Dalmatian Croat Duchy, which together with the Pannonian principality became a Kingdom in 925 under King Tomislav.<br />In 1102, Croatia entered into a personal union with the Hungarian Kingdom. After the 1526 Battle of Mohács the "reliquiae reliquiarum" (remnants of the remnants) of Croatia became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1527.<br />It was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, from 1918-1929, and Kingdom of Yugoslavia, from 1929-1941.<br />In 1941-1945 an Axis known as the Independent State of Croatia was set up, and after the victory of the Allies, Croatia became a republic within Yugoslavia.<br />In 1991 Croatia declared independence and a bitter and costly war was fought by the Croatian government against the Serb-led Yugoslav People's Army, Serbian paramilitary forces and rebel Serbs. Later the war mutated into a conflict between independent Croatia and the rebel Serbs, with the support of Serbia proper. The war came to an end with signing of the Dayton Agreement in 1995.<br />Croatia is located in Southern Europe. Its shape resembles that of a crescent or a horseshoe, which flanks its neighbours Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. To the north lie Slovenia and Hungary; Italy lies across the Adriatic Sea. Its mainland territory is split in two non-contiguous parts by the short coastline of Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.<br />The country is famous for its many national parks. Croatia has a mixture of climates. In the north and east it is continental, Mediterranean along the coast and a semi-highland and highland climate in the south-central region. Offshore Croatia consists of over one thousand islands varying in size.<br /><p><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Quick Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Republic of Croatia<br /><strong>Population</strong> 4,397,000 (115 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Zagreb (779,145)<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 45° 10'N, 15° 30'E<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Croatian<br /><strong>Official Currency</strong> Kuna<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic, Orthodox, others<br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 56,538 sq km (123 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> The land is fertile and mostly flat in the north and northeast, and the far northwest.<br />The Dinaric Alps and a few smaller mountain ranges (Velebit and Velika Kapela) slice through Croatia. The highest point is 1,831m.<br />The land is hilly, rocky and steep along the Dalmatian coastline, and on most of its offshore islands<br />Major rivers include the Sava, Drava and Danube.<br /><strong>Climate</strong> Very pleasant Mediterranean conditions along the coastal areas, with mild winters and dry summers. Colder winters and somewhat hotter summers inland.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-73641286602464456482007-11-30T20:22:00.000+10:002007-11-30T20:30:01.082+10:00C ô t e d ' I v o i r e<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHE9nh2pzKoe_sMGypw_IIK6PpXmgHIXieQ2eo3KdGjrtCCRdyKOM60qaqVkDJv50ZWVSPeWx89i2eI4lfEYz9QkXCxEzCJWNOQf0Owct8dPqCifSI5eNCkYNrlIYqne4QSjue/s1600-r/16Cote+D"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5138578741923334978" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSTDc6nD-ovtUbOi9w-srjiop8MpaH8Wzo3MfxJ3B6GwFaMZYfdKDLoKXX4UbThjAK5Jrf0EoZiaFanpIx699_hO0kou74gCnZF8Pp0ObZv0sqO2cM1z2Pm2MDL-u3m3dvxQ8X/s200/16Cote+D%27Ivoire+Flag.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit1JxnlGWxmflEC_IJhYijQpz17Yn94-vsJZ4E4B-PCICe1tiULR0KvUWEMGHi7wHsrnYnw2cttvsK1St8D3Ypfl-PREk_o8cw6nysJAKyYMjJ_S_NP4C8zIGv2QCIcEDlXpeG/s1600-r/15Cote+D"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5138578656023988978" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP8J5eIeDzdB26ThuO8LCV1TU2qECHL_mUPnrhhDhdSPvxze5oKQNrAXCnfCDVwgfeVJ_hQWBb_yRWIZ61GKiZslx99ihxQtvkIYv9zOxCIhe5S3a_X3A_VDC-yqh3-XwqiU1v/s200/01Cote+D%27Ivoire+Lagunes+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><div>Description<br />Little is known about Côte d'Ivoire before the arrival of Portuguese ships in the 1460s. The major ethnic groups came relatively recently from neighbouring areas: the Kru people from Liberia around 1600; the Senoufo and Lobi moved southward from Burkina Faso and Mali. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Akan people, including the Baoulé, migrated from Ghana into the eastern area of the country, and the Malinké from Guinea into the north-west.<br />During the 17th and 18th centuries the French established coastal settlements and began a long relationship that would change the culture, and for that matter, the economic future (and name) of this African nation.<br />Even after declaring independence in 1960, Cote d'Ivoire retained close economic (export/import) ties with France, and became one of the most prosperous African countries.<br />Over the centuries it suffered through very little political turmoil, but recently, a few poorly-timed military coups and subsequent internal conflicts increased its national debt, and dramatically curtailed its once profitable tourism industry.<br />Long famed for its coastal scenery, beautiful national parks and abundant wildlife, Cote d'Ivoire is, or was, a true slice of African culture, once visited by travelers from around the world. </div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Republic of the Cote d'Ivoire, formerly the Ivory Coast. The country was originally known in English as Ivory Coast. In October 1985 the government requested that the country be known in every language as Côte d'Ivoire, without a hyphen between the two words (thereby contravening the standard rule in French that geographical names with several words must be written with hyphens).</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong>Population</strong> 17,654,843 (56 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Yamoussoukro (190,000)<br /><strong>Largest Cities</strong> Abidjan, Bouaké, Daloa, Yamoussoukro, Korhogo<br /><strong>Currency</strong> CFA Franc<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 5º33' N, 4º03' W<br /><strong>Languages</strong> French (official), and local dialects<br /><strong>National Day</strong> 7 August; Independence Day<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Christian, Muslim, others<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land</span></strong><br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 320,763 sq km (67 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> Most of Cote d'Ivoire (north to south) is a forested plateau, one that gradually slopes down to the Atlantic Ocean coastal areas. Exceptions are the edges of the Guinea Highlands (4000 - 5000 ft. peaks) on its western border with Guinea, and in the far northwest, and the elevated savanna and forest of the northeast.<br />Major rivers drain the plateau, including the Bandama, Komoe and Sassandra. Large lakes include Loc de Ebire and Loc de Kossou. </div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong>Highest Pt.</strong> Mt. Nimba (1,752 m) (5,748 ft)<br /><strong>Lowest Pt.</strong> Gulf of Guinea (0 m) (0 ft) </div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong>Climate</strong> The coastal regions of Cote d'Ivoire are warm throughout the year, with average highs near 80º. Rainfall here is heavy May through July, with up to 80 inches commonplace,<br />The forested central region is a bit warmer, with heavy rains March through May (70 inches on average). In the northern reaches of the country the daily high temperatures reach into the 90s, with somewhat more moderate rainfall amounts. </div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-25152540355118274002007-11-06T16:28:00.000+10:002007-11-06T16:33:41.383+10:00C O S T A R I C A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizURazh-Hn-l00WnrcDyeuRB5tPluhR0BA3v-EbNxeGqarNnH-IRwJmLji9JQfHxlgQ-W1Hfco3VClJ7R93wnHGVERdfJZ9JpWeGJTnjauxBndWdIk-AoOGG4QY32ryxiMB52z/s1600-h/Costa+Rica+Flag.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129610990982596370" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizURazh-Hn-l00WnrcDyeuRB5tPluhR0BA3v-EbNxeGqarNnH-IRwJmLji9JQfHxlgQ-W1Hfco3VClJ7R93wnHGVERdfJZ9JpWeGJTnjauxBndWdIk-AoOGG4QY32ryxiMB52z/s400/Costa+Rica+Flag.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin6uICegoXn0f1g0lmG27wIlD7JBv7avElWKUWPOnOU2DLdX3ANpd-uiSYgnYIiVrkPbUa41T6BtXkXKnE1E5pBTa4Tu6lXEa4Ek26BTicSZIvDrvnjcyxHhm0OJwBMDAn07m1/s1600-h/Cost+Rica+Turrialba1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5129610995277563682" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqXGsXqd2TUbIdrV0z2Yz2RrJ0N4f2xw_xkCsDjle3ahMaY14_ZtsLD-YWB2rPfBDGIFDfEjJMzA3VL5sxAC-4IQC6WQYeN7fonJb5rWy33Sbg8Iux9hZQElrSYaIpWV4aGYb/s400/Colombia+Barranquilla03.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikJIFUqnrT1Y7gkr5ndDxU9CoTLubnTXy0bEvcwcC1cEUK6b5CHwq5yAZvBh8dB5xz8iWM4SmDrjFhXJcx3GDsbNrtavqZF6u2OEk-DyxMGvTny4mXO8P2bYdy_oFXzfALopjV/s1600-h/Colombia+Bogota01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119592694174034690" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikJIFUqnrT1Y7gkr5ndDxU9CoTLubnTXy0bEvcwcC1cEUK6b5CHwq5yAZvBh8dB5xz8iWM4SmDrjFhXJcx3GDsbNrtavqZF6u2OEk-DyxMGvTny4mXO8P2bYdy_oFXzfALopjV/s400/Colombia+Bogota01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGBzWwPXsdOd95eTEl-N19WLaQa2nhygoJmxIHKITkzXrB2WM4F_TpyTipuX8tTyaXZCSF85cXPEGuY-0qO2JdFMVe0PKumB0D6qRrnn5AI4iej3goosEG0nduSCK33VDpqVW/s1600-h/Colombia+Bogota02.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119592694174034706" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqGBzWwPXsdOd95eTEl-N19WLaQa2nhygoJmxIHKITkzXrB2WM4F_TpyTipuX8tTyaXZCSF85cXPEGuY-0qO2JdFMVe0PKumB0D6qRrnn5AI4iej3goosEG0nduSCK33VDpqVW/s400/Colombia+Bogota02.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div>Colombia's history began well over 13,000 years ago, as evidence of human occupation dates to that era.<br />Over time many Andean and Caribbean cultures inhabited the area, including the Tayrona, Sin, Muisca, Quimbaya, Tolima, Calima, Tierradentro, San Agustin, Nario and Tumaco peoples.<br />The Spanish arrived along the coastal areas of Colombia in the early 1500s and the country became Spain's chief source of gold; Cartagena and Bogota were founded by mid-century.<br />Spain eventually increased taxation of the colonists to fund their home-front war expenses, and the subsequent anger and uprising that occurred were the seeds of the revolution to come.<br />In 1819, Simon Bolivar (a national hero) and his armies defeated the Spanish, and the independent Republic of Gran was formed; it included Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela.<br />By the early 20th century, all of the original partners had withdrawn from the association, and in 1905, Colombia was finally on its own.<br />Since then it has survived a hurricane of political assassinations, internal governmental conflicts, guerrilla activities and drug wars. After all of that it remains one of the most attractive and mysterious countries on the South American continent.<br />Political and internal unrest, has for the most part, limited tourism to the Caribbean coastal resorts and towns, with special emphasis on Cartagena. International business travel is commonplace (to and from) the country's major cities. </div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Name</strong> Colombia<br /><strong>(long form)</strong> Republic of Colombia<br /><strong>Population</strong> 42,954,279 (27 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Bogota (6.1 million)<br /><strong>Currency</strong> Colombian Peso (COP)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Spanish<br /><strong>National Day</strong> July 20<br /><strong>Religions </strong>Catholic (90%), others<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Geographic Coordinates</span></strong><br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> (Capital City) 04°38' N, 74° 05' W<br /><strong>Relative Location</strong> Colombia is positioned in the northern, southern and western hemispheres. It's located on the northwestern corner of South America, and bordered by Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Central America and the country of Panama, and by the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Statistics</span></strong><br /><strong>Coastline</strong> 3,208 km<br /><strong>Land Areas</strong><br /><strong>(land)</strong> 1,038,700 sq km<br /><strong>(water)</strong> 100,210 sq km<br /><strong>(TOTAL)</strong> 1,138,910 sq km (25 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> Fronted by the Caribbean and Pacific lowlands, as well as the eastern Amazon lowlands that extend to its borders with Brazil and Venezuela, the western third of Colombia is crossed by three rugged parallel ranges of the Andes Mountains, namely the Eastern, Central, and Western Cordilleras.<br />Many rivers rise in the upper elevations of the Andes, and the most significant include the Cauca, Magdalena and Putumayo. The Cauca and Magdalena (which flow northward) separate the three principal Andean mountain ranges, eventually merging and then ending in the Caribbean Sea.<br /><strong>Highest Pt.</strong> Cristobal Colon - 5,775 m<br /><strong>Lowest Pt.</strong> Pacific Ocean - 0 m</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><strong>Climate</strong> The climate in Colombia has striking variations - which is quite typical of countries with a wide variety of elevations.<br />In general terms, weather conditions are hot and humid along the coastal areas, and below (1,000 m) in elevation; somewhat mild (1,000 - 2,000 m), and quite cold (2,000 meters, and above). The hottest months are March and April; coldest months are July and August.<br />As an elevation example, Bogota is over (2,500 m) in elevation, and average summer high temperatures approach 25.5° C, while in the lower eastern elevations, summer high temperatures soar into the high 32.5° C.<br />Precipitation is generally moderate to heavy, with highest levels in the Pacific lowlands and in parts of northeastern Colombia. Most rainfall occurs from (March - May) and from (September - November). </div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-56290376922528640932007-09-14T11:22:00.000+10:002007-09-14T11:47:09.776+10:00C H I N A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_CKLEQPZafhu55NcIWFR8P7zjQkT6jUDdQh2ftqO6eU1LmFwfXGW1bUmx26B2_aoV0PpppN5Eftrlhm7yL78GPFcLugoIUInVeUk58WqKDswZ_9RhkO4r-9CIrC1r7cbpkktx/s1600-h/40China+Guilin+01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5109870234709578818" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_CKLEQPZafhu55NcIWFR8P7zjQkT6jUDdQh2ftqO6eU1LmFwfXGW1bUmx26B2_aoV0PpppN5Eftrlhm7yL78GPFcLugoIUInVeUk58WqKDswZ_9RhkO4r-9CIrC1r7cbpkktx/s400/40China+Guilin+01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTbcL-q_WmV9MtAVCh_VOwMVcFbGDn0n08t8KN97sAcgpHPVxs1-_WAuLeOfySzGycdwx34AYMIrq0gr4r13u7TQpLncyXWLsBAxfdYYUFk6ADop3oX9Z9llETqCKKJQRZ-o1_/s1600-h/39China+Sichuan+04.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5109870239004546130" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjykprN_e4zR9XVK3CNiBj2xkmYslL4SU8H3NTBp-s2XsWvSCL1kZUT6evnVeVbgu1rpKdTXFaMjcaJswrwaWFwKsQtNoIRZcbGia5GVvaHU-SC9eE6iHLwQIVMhjWqJvpvRXsU/s400/03China+03.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Z7ZKVSyXgnx7q36rKT5SeSTbgDB6GLUAeDeC-d-suvStTSsZSR4p88b2c5puRZYChwr30ilZmUJrmzZhV19yVLyQLdgQm9Gcu4JEGv_CFlQw6BAmWzDUCDsvzsXK4x8eMBqi/s1600-h/02China+02.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5109866377828946498" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Z7ZKVSyXgnx7q36rKT5SeSTbgDB6GLUAeDeC-d-suvStTSsZSR4p88b2c5puRZYChwr30ilZmUJrmzZhV19yVLyQLdgQm9Gcu4JEGv_CFlQw6BAmWzDUCDsvzsXK4x8eMBqi/s400/02China+02.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkirl4yyHORP90-N7Qib4Oa7UQOZnxIGmDZhNxLIhMS-fusypFcHQRg5impY-FQIYVQy20osziLpgEoCArrlKPqLMpPMPXXtD1UzC8UedsBvwagm54oNJTlU9Ab5AnPizhasyV/s1600-h/01China+01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5109866382123913810" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkirl4yyHORP90-N7Qib4Oa7UQOZnxIGmDZhNxLIhMS-fusypFcHQRg5impY-FQIYVQy20osziLpgEoCArrlKPqLMpPMPXXtD1UzC8UedsBvwagm54oNJTlU9Ab5AnPizhasyV/s400/01China+01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">A Brief Description</span></strong><br />Much like the ancient Roman and Egyptian empires, China led much of the world in the arts and sciences for hundreds of years.<br />Then, in the 19th Century, China experienced debilitating civil unrest, significant food shortages, military defeats, and foreign occupation.<br />With the end of World War II, the upstart Communists under the leadership of MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life, and cost the lives of tens of millions of people.<br />After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision-making.<br />Those efforts were successful as GDP output quadrupled by the year 2000. Today, political controls still remain tight, but more and more economic controls continue to be relaxed. China's economy is booming and its influence is growing worldwide.<br />Tourism, always popular in China, is a growth industry, as the country presents (quite possibly), the most fascinating destination on the planet.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Name</strong> China<br /><strong>Long form</strong> People's Republic of China<br /><strong>Population</strong> 1,306,313,800 (1 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital</strong> <strong>City</strong> Beijing metro (14.2 million)<br /><strong>Currency</strong> Yuan (CNY)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua,) Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan, Xiang, Gan and Hakka dialects<br /><strong>National Day</strong> October 1<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Officially atheist, with small groups of Daoist, Buddhist, Muslim and Christian <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Geographic Coordinates</span></strong><br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude (capital city)</strong> 39° 55' N, 116° 20' E<br /><strong>Relative Location</strong> China is located in both the eastern and northern hemispheres. It occupies a huge part of eastern Asia and is bordered by the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean and by (14 countries), including North Korea, Russian Federation, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Laos and Vietnam.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Statistics</span></strong><br /><strong>Coastline</strong> 14,500 km<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Areas</span></strong><br /><strong>Land</strong> 9,326,410 sq km<br /><strong>Water</strong> 270,550 sq km<br /><strong>TOTAL</strong> 9,596,960 sq km (4 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> In the vast western reaches of China - mountains, high plateaus and deserts dominate the landscape, while central and east the land slopes into broad plains and deltas.<br />The Himalayas, the world's most elevated mountain range, forms its southwestern borders with India, Nepal and Bhutan. In the far northeast, high mountains ring its border with the Russian Federation.<br />The Gobi Desert runs west to east along its border with Mongolia. Here the topography varies from sand desert, into the low mountain foothills and plateaus that stretch into Mongolia.<br />From the higher elevations in the west literally thousands of rivers drain the country; the most significant include the Yangtze (third longest river on the planet), and the Heilong (Amur), Mekong, Pearl and Yellow.<br /><strong>Highest Point</strong> Mt. Everest - 8.850 m<br /><strong>Lowest Point</strong> Turpan Pendi (-154 m)<br /><strong>Climate</strong> A broad range of weather is common in the large country of China. There's mostly tropical weather in the south and southeast, much cooler (and colder) temperatures in the far north, and subarctic conditions in the far southwest in the Himalaya Mountain system.<br />Rainfall is heavy along the southern coastal areas, lighter in the western regions, while north (in the Gobi Desert areas) participation is generally sparse. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-82432663843081167352007-08-13T13:29:00.001+10:002007-08-13T13:42:18.397+10:00C H I L E<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXle1twzlJYY9cd8ScbJiBd-2dyLGZlIIGTDMZhBMbE2Rrq6SlcPaQzZ9mK3CwaN6krsmU9y5-1-0k2IoiqcOWqFMZmWIr6xGWhqWYZGVMKuJ0qeaKLOPRVUTisRhrwguSWSGA/s1600-h/20+Chile+Pucon.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098024182975960914" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXle1twzlJYY9cd8ScbJiBd-2dyLGZlIIGTDMZhBMbE2Rrq6SlcPaQzZ9mK3CwaN6krsmU9y5-1-0k2IoiqcOWqFMZmWIr6xGWhqWYZGVMKuJ0qeaKLOPRVUTisRhrwguSWSGA/s400/20+Chile+Pucon.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGpxDZqnGlfXlv313J-5E31wbdg1D0u1yZVLBZreYKiXLv9Q4l4ZrLv61r2Y4PuwYjW9ma_EYisrRd00MBxm8hMvA7QE2wLfBKRSv5sRjlyvjTzVjXWZs9vBL08T5vFNaHPvH/s1600-h/19+Chile+Magallanes+Y+De+La+Antartica+Chilena6.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098024131436353346" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSGnaYWKPtmfVzcvvzg64Ldzi2bKcsQieLFGbkHaNTJfbCDH9dBD4nQxdp2fEshFJtC7uN_UBhIHbtTVzpRQ8tqibQaHmjyc5j2uCCkKl26sbMmu8UciU12QFcnI6fWMED7Pa9/s400/05+Chile+Torres+del+Paine+National+Park1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfPkRPdnC6mgJp0mVJbIW22ec_-QlY1pTnm7kGby8XNdmozReYrHO8gA29FZerhLx5vjMc6_vbBLrj6Q82BOTec0vvb416Yc5OXp-cn9ZYXBE7-R2Z8n6x0twAVVJjZz-Lo5IP/s1600-h/04+Chile+Santiago1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098023096349234770" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfPkRPdnC6mgJp0mVJbIW22ec_-QlY1pTnm7kGby8XNdmozReYrHO8gA29FZerhLx5vjMc6_vbBLrj6Q82BOTec0vvb416Yc5OXp-cn9ZYXBE7-R2Z8n6x0twAVVJjZz-Lo5IP/s400/04+Chile+Santiago1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFZM0tCyDBCQ5K1b1ynr5hDEk7LibS6BbedCRvE67vN0y1vEKnJwOeS5Y8uB04XwyCW0Hw9bSIObke0P2xpCXXqZoGfJgkC4_FU0Qv-hIP5uIRXhQNTEfxDdlixRRjfNHKuEpa/s1600-h/03+Chile+Magallanes+Y+De+La+Antartica+Chilena4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098023001859954242" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFZM0tCyDBCQ5K1b1ynr5hDEk7LibS6BbedCRvE67vN0y1vEKnJwOeS5Y8uB04XwyCW0Hw9bSIObke0P2xpCXXqZoGfJgkC4_FU0Qv-hIP5uIRXhQNTEfxDdlixRRjfNHKuEpa/s400/03+Chile+Magallanes+Y+De+La+Antartica+Chilena4.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_HGjvgnHXSVFqFkeClw8BgCCpPBHL5qycLIczClSv_mMA0_VJFL-n4hi-dztsyBX2jg4nG0S094P72MJ2aOXdCpV_vI0wqRg8D7Rhk9hBJgHbmoPMQlsrB6V6mG_8v76JdG4I/s1600-h/02+Chile+Isla+Chiloe1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098022915960608306" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_HGjvgnHXSVFqFkeClw8BgCCpPBHL5qycLIczClSv_mMA0_VJFL-n4hi-dztsyBX2jg4nG0S094P72MJ2aOXdCpV_vI0wqRg8D7Rhk9hBJgHbmoPMQlsrB6V6mG_8v76JdG4I/s400/02+Chile+Isla+Chiloe1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7WjeY2rMTktDicGRSZysqqRnuf6zfVjLx8CuVQgOSa02DZq959-YhC1nhv5ldwUwhMNUORGHZrNQOk6kPFe0e6PV5_cWqqGlV_SQk2GmkINW1sxLM1cIFEkuPUdFfYR7gzZDd/s1600-h/01+Chile+Araucania.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5098022744161916450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7WjeY2rMTktDicGRSZysqqRnuf6zfVjLx8CuVQgOSa02DZq959-YhC1nhv5ldwUwhMNUORGHZrNQOk6kPFe0e6PV5_cWqqGlV_SQk2GmkINW1sxLM1cIFEkuPUdFfYR7gzZDd/s400/01+Chile+Araucania.jpg" border="0" /></a> <strong><span style="font-size:130%;">A Brief Description</span></strong><br />Ferdinand Magellan was the first European explorer to visit Chile, setting foot here on October 21, 1520.<br />In the late 15th century, the Incas extended their empire south, attempting to conquer Chile; they were successful in the north, but their influence (central and south) was limited as they faced fierce resistance from the indigenous Araucanian peoples.<br />In 1540, the Spanish explorer, Pedro de Valdivia arrived, and later founded the capital city of Santiago in 1541. He managed to control the local Indians, forcing them into hard labor, but in the south, the Araucanians would not budge.<br />Numerous Spanish settlements were built in central Chile, and their population base eventually exceeded one million. Those initial settlers suffered repeated attacks (often brutal) by Araucanians, and that remained a serious (hard to control) problem into the 19th century.<br />The colonies secretly detested Spain's military rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown for nearly three centuries. When the King of Spain was overthrown at the beginning of the 19th century, Chileans began to consider independence, and self-government.<br />And speaking of freedom, Jose de San Martin, and Bernardo O'Higgins, and their up-start armies drove out the Spanish and achieved their independence from Spain in 1818. Bernardo O'Higgins would later become Chile's first president.<br />Chile defeated Bolivia and Peru in a regional war (1879-1883) for the control of the Atacama Desert areas. During that war Chile gained more land to the north and Bolivia lost its outlet to the open sea; proving disastrous (even today) for its economy.<br />Beginning in 1891, and over the next 80 years, Chile was governed by self-serving parliamentary regimes, military rule, left-wing, right-wing parties (including Communists) and a long line of democratically elected presidents.<br />All remnants of democracy were tossed aside when the repressive military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet began in 1973; finally ending in 1989, when democratic elections were held again<br />Today, this underdeveloped country with an overdeveloped landscape is primed for the 21st century, as it controls a great portion of the planet's most spectacular scenery, as well as untold natural resources and riches.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Name</strong> Chile<br /><strong>(long form)</strong> Republic of Chile<br /><strong>Population</strong> 15,980,912 (59 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Santiago (6.3 million in metro area)<br /><strong>Currency</strong> Chilean Peso (CLP)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> Spanish<br /><strong>National Day</strong> September 18<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic (89%), Protestant (11%)<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Geographic Coordinates</span></strong><br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude (Capital City)</strong> 33° 27' S, 70° 40' W<br /><strong>Relative Location</strong> Chile is positioned in both the western and southern hemispheres. It's located on the western and southwestern coast of South America, and bordered by Argentina, Bolivia and Peru, and by the Pacific Ocean. Land Statistics<br /><strong>Coastline</strong> 6,435 km<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Areas</span></strong><br /><strong>(land)</strong> 748,800 sq km<br /><strong>(water)</strong> 8,150 sq km<br /><strong>(TOTAL)</strong> 756,950 sq km (39 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> With a toothy coastline of almost 6500 km, pencil-thin Chile is wedged between the Pacific Ocean and the rugged Andes, the world's longest mountain range. This land of incredible and unusual contrasts is also home to the numerous beaches, fjords, deep sea channels, glaciers and icebergs - and the Atacama Desert - a virtually rainless plateau made up of salt basins and lava flows.<br />Most of the country's interior is covered by mountains. The snowcapped Andes cover almost all of its eastern border; generally lower, non-Andean ranges dissect Chile (north to south) with the largest being the Cordillera de la Costa in the far south.<br />Located along the Ring of Fire, the Andes are geologically a young mountain range that includes over 600 volcanoes (within Chile alone), many of them active, and almost 10% have erupted (at least once) within the last century.<br />Throughout the country deep valleys and high plateaus front these mountain, most winding east to west; the central valley (or Pampas) runs to the Pacific Ocean shoreline.<br />The Lake Region of the south, is a group of mostly small, clear blue, cold-water lakes; in this area, waterfalls are common.<br />In the far south, an almost uncountable group of mountainous islands (forming varied archipelagos) front the coastline, forming a series of winding channels and fjords. Cape Horn, directly south of the island of Tierra del Fuego, is the southern most point in the world, next to Antarctica.<br />Mixed into the stunning landscape are the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields that form the largest continental mass of ice in the world, outside of Greenland and Antarctica.<br />Hundreds of glaciers branch off the ice fields, many extend all the way to sea level. Meltwater from the glaciers gather in lakes such as the General Carrera - the second largest lake in South America.<br />And as for rivers....dozens rise in the upper reaches of the Andes, and flow either to the Pacific Ocean, or east through neighboring Argentina.<br /><strong>Highest Pt.</strong> Nevado Ojos del Salado - 6,880 m, the second highest mountain on the South American continent.<br /><strong>Lowest Pt.</strong> Pacific Ocean - 0 m </div><div><strong>Climate</strong> With incredible climate variations, north to south, Chile's weather is most difficult to summarize, so we will focus on Santiago, and then refer you to the individual conditions and forecasts shown below.<br />As for Santiago, the spring months (September - November) are mild and the perfect time to visit, while summers (December - February) are generally dry and hot, with cool evenings, and daily high temperatures often reaching 29.5°C.<br />The fall months (March - May) brings cooler temperatures with daily highs seldom exceeding 15.5°F, and the winter months (June - August) bring colder temps, heavy rains and mountain snowfall. </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-5174689147157077322007-08-07T10:34:00.000+10:002007-08-07T10:56:43.435+10:00C H A D<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBU-c5WzMaNvmbnqqp4-PJi6t6vJW6WUBxLp4CRAvG6ldk3ProxuDaC9-ZJp13kszMJu1kSXwWGhBJFhBx6fkniBB1Fg-qzTYV25m2wlQ1vv593di6BX0fbw_Fo6136H_iT2vj/s1600-h/Chad+NDjamena+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095751303462786546" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBU-c5WzMaNvmbnqqp4-PJi6t6vJW6WUBxLp4CRAvG6ldk3ProxuDaC9-ZJp13kszMJu1kSXwWGhBJFhBx6fkniBB1Fg-qzTYV25m2wlQ1vv593di6BX0fbw_Fo6136H_iT2vj/s400/Chad+NDjamena+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPIYWvoBfdW5B0ETl-NMvR-Vnvtd6aaR7KKXuUIr4XutyfK1BwrbFXm9VtdhqHeVtR8oqOh9madd8qc3D4PI6t5EYyHHxR8iEnBZ8YFwp7wZPIDYlW7ZRzEQtaDlZQD9nkfG7/s1600-h/Chad+NDjamena+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095751226153375202" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPIYWvoBfdW5B0ETl-NMvR-Vnvtd6aaR7KKXuUIr4XutyfK1BwrbFXm9VtdhqHeVtR8oqOh9madd8qc3D4PI6t5EYyHHxR8iEnBZ8YFwp7wZPIDYlW7ZRzEQtaDlZQD9nkfG7/s400/Chad+NDjamena+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNuOxHDt17egmQHO039AKbOZ9BAn7GXSkvcIRAvaLg0oXjQPujOVSVQd5WgjDK4xxsEIBphtukhZRUhLYhiZgPtgWgcMxFJDb0nITOl6cRdguxxQjyvmr-hGrqH_5dRNpZCYYG/s1600-h/Chad+Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095751174613767634" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNuOxHDt17egmQHO039AKbOZ9BAn7GXSkvcIRAvaLg0oXjQPujOVSVQd5WgjDK4xxsEIBphtukhZRUhLYhiZgPtgWgcMxFJDb0nITOl6cRdguxxQjyvmr-hGrqH_5dRNpZCYYG/s400/Chad+Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXK_ucsT-_AYI6_pqTyMXeEv9clc3iEp59ir79vxMmQvIqNJaVgG5bKDctsKOmOt9IrXz3avRPGzAvAt_p4IiJKc2vi20-Y1LO66g5eE5UhHfQVE0iNJpALquoDL2v9xccHYo/s1600-h/Chad+Flag.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095751114484225474" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUXK_ucsT-_AYI6_pqTyMXeEv9clc3iEp59ir79vxMmQvIqNJaVgG5bKDctsKOmOt9IrXz3avRPGzAvAt_p4IiJKc2vi20-Y1LO66g5eE5UhHfQVE0iNJpALquoDL2v9xccHYo/s400/Chad+Flag.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUjBFXRsFhxi4fDxRYHvgiYGu_4NKtHCIF6oy3z_Ri-mUp6CBLaQ8NQbuHxPHYpav6hnx6qrelYZ6IY5jnpyHl0R0THtUZqAG-1xzTPWNIt_dmfy_Cg93aKm8wfqiS-R2wrua2/s1600-h/Chad+Map.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095751062944617906" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUjBFXRsFhxi4fDxRYHvgiYGu_4NKtHCIF6oy3z_Ri-mUp6CBLaQ8NQbuHxPHYpav6hnx6qrelYZ6IY5jnpyHl0R0THtUZqAG-1xzTPWNIt_dmfy_Cg93aKm8wfqiS-R2wrua2/s400/Chad+Map.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIdHQ689NC_kqjz1HVSmYQAKXfy2J3XbScRlcwsMKaMsyjRR6sL6VKBQvFK7zRTvZMtWSrF5B6CbPhwBMuYhnwRRjVKuv7iXnjnwgcvQmT7F23ERjLnf4vdWTYbUCWnO2yAjj/s1600-h/Chad+Archei+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095750998520108450" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOIdHQ689NC_kqjz1HVSmYQAKXfy2J3XbScRlcwsMKaMsyjRR6sL6VKBQvFK7zRTvZMtWSrF5B6CbPhwBMuYhnwRRjVKuv7iXnjnwgcvQmT7F23ERjLnf4vdWTYbUCWnO2yAjj/s400/Chad+Archei+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuIDaltlmoAt3dD_f0Dx1K2QrWj7b3O7Bi-j9RVjF6_IatgFg57aRftLqn2NtJGSBHu3qPUISHkiKoGo79-Up56sryHn9FrPRmgoFzdf4s2x129mnvspMmr9_2EzU7-5RDqLoU/s1600-h/Chad+Bongor+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5095750861081154962" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuIDaltlmoAt3dD_f0Dx1K2QrWj7b3O7Bi-j9RVjF6_IatgFg57aRftLqn2NtJGSBHu3qPUISHkiKoGo79-Up56sryHn9FrPRmgoFzdf4s2x129mnvspMmr9_2EzU7-5RDqLoU/s400/Chad+Bongor+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong>The ancient land called Chad was inhabited over one million years ago, at a time when much of it was only water.</strong> In modern Chad, precious water is often difficult to find, while famine and war seem everywhere.<br />Over the centuries it served as the stomping-ground of sorts for a litany of cultures and kingdoms, and when the French arrived in 1891, they subsequently controlled it until Chad gained its independence in 1960.<br />Decades of ethnic warfare followed, as well as invasions from Libya, its most powerful neighbor. A certain level of peace was restored in 1990, but local power struggles continue, and the future of this unstable land is uncertain at best.<br /><span style="color:#ffcc66;">Much of the country is positioned within the hot and dry (and mostly unproductive) Sahara Desert, where Chad is covered by sand and barren scrub land.</span> In the far south, and in the southwest, surrounding Lake Chad, conditions improve to support an abundance of wildlife and agricultural ventures.<br />Chad's economy has recently benefited from a series of major oilfield and pipeline projects, while cattle, cotton and gum arabic have long been the traditional economic mainstays.<br />Longterm weaknesses include its landlocked position, oppressive poverty, the shrinking of Lake Chad, and the ever increasing expansion of the Sahara Desert.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official</strong> <strong>Name</strong> Republic of Chad<br /><strong>Population</strong> 9,944,201 (81 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> N'Djamena (680,000)<br /><strong>Largest Cities</strong> N'Djamena, Moundou, Sarh<br /><strong>Currency</strong> CFA Franc<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 12°11' N, 15°05' E<br /><strong>Languages</strong> French (official), Arabic (official), and numerous trobal dialects.<br /><strong>National Day</strong> 11 August; Independence Day<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Muslim, Christian, others<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land</span></strong><br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 1,259,200 sq km (20 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> In the northern reaches of the country, the Tibesti Mountains dominate the landscape of the surrounding Sahara Desert.<br />The Sahel, on the southern edges of the ever-expanding Sahara Desert, is a transition zone between the dry areas of the north and the tropical areas of the south. It receives very little rain, and most of the vegetation is a savanna growth of sparse grasses and shrubs.<br />The land rise into the Ennedi and Wadai plateaus along the eastern border with Sudan, where elevations reach near 610m.<br />In the south the forested land is nourished by the Chari and Logone Rivers. During the monsoon rains, Lake Chad often overflows, causing floods in the lowland depression of the south.<br /><strong>Highest Pt.</strong> Emi Koussi (3,415 m)<br /><strong>Lowest Pt.</strong> Djourab Depression (160 m)<br /><strong>Climate</strong> The Sahara Desert regions are hot and dry throughout the year, with little or no rainfall. Temperatures are much cooler along the south-central Sahel. Rainfall there averages near 380mm annually. Drought, however, is commonplace.<br />In the southern regions, rainfall is much heavier, averaging near 760mm annually. The mean temperature in N'Djamena is 28° C </div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-29191540471547692822007-07-20T09:15:00.001+10:002007-07-20T09:21:32.863+10:00C E N T R A L A F R I C A N R E P U B L I C<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVJvYdPjvdv2LCw0eYeaknMjsLsLfR9GllLvbuXW-3tD__kkU7Xv24NzXe5TGbG27gerl6jHoQCbWLYwykhociY62DJYbh7n-p8fwoEMcdxzgKxTonkWKaqkYHj_1LwnHgUpD/s1600-h/Central+Africa+Flag.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089051032180018962" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnVJvYdPjvdv2LCw0eYeaknMjsLsLfR9GllLvbuXW-3tD__kkU7Xv24NzXe5TGbG27gerl6jHoQCbWLYwykhociY62DJYbh7n-p8fwoEMcdxzgKxTonkWKaqkYHj_1LwnHgUpD/s400/Central+Africa+Flag.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2CF1-xI0FzIIDanFgQozvuXlTpZagLLqImFmV3EjvqmJp9w6s2OmTu2pel5uTLwe73Xx31zVRVvAyjJ0Rt9hpgbsDYUnkjtHxv7Ot4dD2gSyojWWRN8A7y6w1RWsVvN-xI0k/s1600-h/Central+African+Bangui+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089051049359888162" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2CF1-xI0FzIIDanFgQozvuXlTpZagLLqImFmV3EjvqmJp9w6s2OmTu2pel5uTLwe73Xx31zVRVvAyjJ0Rt9hpgbsDYUnkjtHxv7Ot4dD2gSyojWWRN8A7y6w1RWsVvN-xI0k/s400/Central+African+Bangui+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihIRP8sqn19i5EP7dtwNoOS1oUjCHtCDyHuAllf-chkVKpOKxQN3DBjN4fqFZitX2P01usTu9rrcRKYk-9ZaTdO9BXW-ntznMXebBVpNJVOJvd8LpCubMlgFT-aLPctPnW9js/s1600-h/Central+African+Bangui+3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050886151130850" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihIRP8sqn19i5EP7dtwNoOS1oUjCHtCDyHuAllf-chkVKpOKxQN3DBjN4fqFZitX2P01usTu9rrcRKYk-9ZaTdO9BXW-ntznMXebBVpNJVOJvd8LpCubMlgFT-aLPctPnW9js/s400/Central+African+Bangui+3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-Yww5bKb40RZC5K8At1AZMvn0XK6hbQ5ZOhvPJs0rkrgMdQptU3kUK5r36ol1IyGAmWEL2ERX0E0Q2RMBY-5pUlAF9pXUGciCq145Ww1KIB4zzULJbtAdW-MZu9usc_CUgUl/s1600-h/Central+African+Bangui+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050899036032754" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-Yww5bKb40RZC5K8At1AZMvn0XK6hbQ5ZOhvPJs0rkrgMdQptU3kUK5r36ol1IyGAmWEL2ERX0E0Q2RMBY-5pUlAF9pXUGciCq145Ww1KIB4zzULJbtAdW-MZu9usc_CUgUl/s400/Central+African+Bangui+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBWSXG2TJpp762kdUzmNembSYk1KR7WSfcYMpytU3NaaohX3ahDVIAAllUJfsi6kl5tk8Jo_IemQjT5h3ucM_8bgQMrWNdEGEtuw6VV0ALh1XkV1w4ovRTvFc5iVls5MheWAK/s1600-h/Central+Africa+Map.gif"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050903331000066" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizBWSXG2TJpp762kdUzmNembSYk1KR7WSfcYMpytU3NaaohX3ahDVIAAllUJfsi6kl5tk8Jo_IemQjT5h3ucM_8bgQMrWNdEGEtuw6VV0ALh1XkV1w4ovRTvFc5iVls5MheWAK/s400/Central+Africa+Map.gif" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wCGjszrI/AAAAAAAABBc/t-1lghEeCi4/s1600-h/Central+African+Bangui+4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050022862704306" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wCGjszrI/AAAAAAAABBc/t-1lghEeCi4/s400/Central+African+Bangui+4.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wC2jszsI/AAAAAAAABBk/txx0P9HL9FI/s1600-h/Central+African+Boali+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050035747606210" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wC2jszsI/AAAAAAAABBk/txx0P9HL9FI/s400/Central+African+Boali+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wDGjsztI/AAAAAAAABBs/elHGLu807eE/s1600-h/Central+African+Boali+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089050040042573522" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_wDGjsztI/AAAAAAAABBs/elHGLu807eE/s400/Central+African+Boali+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4GjszoI/AAAAAAAABBE/UCB4dN7_CUo/s1600-h/Central+African+Sangha-Mbaere+1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089049851064012418" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4GjszoI/AAAAAAAABBE/UCB4dN7_CUo/s400/Central+African+Sangha-Mbaere+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4mjszpI/AAAAAAAABBM/w7r1OkFcM6Y/s1600-h/Central+African+Mbaiki+3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089049859653947026" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4mjszpI/AAAAAAAABBM/w7r1OkFcM6Y/s400/Central+African+Mbaiki+3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4mjszqI/AAAAAAAABBU/FOWA8icSwEc/s1600-h/Central+African+Mbaiki+2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5089049859653947042" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/Rp_v4mjszqI/AAAAAAAABBU/FOWA8icSwEc/s400/Central+African+Mbaiki+2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br />The Central African Republic is famed worldwide for its lowland gorilla population, Pygmy culture, and fabulous national parks.<br />In the 1800s, the local Pygmy population was all but decimated by the slave trade. The French (to their credit) were anti-slavery, and began to take control of this land in 1905 by establishing the colony of Ubangi-Chair. In the 1940's the country became a French overseas territory, finally gaining its independence from France in 1958.<br />From 1965 - 1979, the country suffered through the dictatorial reign of Colonel Jean-Bedel Bokassa. A series of military coups followed, with multiparty elections finally held in 1993.<br />The country has the potential to be a major tourist destination, but generally, that's defeated by its poor infrastructure. However, for those that somehow venture in (mostly Europeans), the pristine parks and wildlife are second to none, and hunting safaris (sadly) are still a big business.<br />Those national parks are home to forest elephants, lions, leopards, rhinos and countless other animals. One of the lowland gorilla's last habitats is found in the rainforests of the south.<br />Due to consistent flooding, the land is lightly cultivated, and agriculture is mostly at the subsistence level. Diamond and Uranium mining, as well as timber harvesting remain important industries.<br />Within the Central African Republic, HIV/AIDS is still spreading, and the country is seriously afflicted by destabilizing financial and social problems.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Central African Republic<br /><strong>Population</strong> 4,303,356 (123 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Bangui (838,000)<br /><strong>Largest Cities</strong> Bangui, Carnot, Bouar<br /><strong>Currency</strong> CFA Franc<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 4°36' N, 18°56' E<br /><strong>Languages</strong> French (official), Sangho, others<br /><strong>National Day</strong> 1 December; Republic Day<br /><strong>Religions </strong>Local beliefs, Protestant, Catholic<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land</span></strong><br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 622,436 sq km (42 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> The Central African Republic is in essence an undulating plateau.<br />Central and south is a series of forested, rolling hills, with some topping 600 m. A dense tropical rainforest in the southeast fronts the Ubangi River, and in the north, the land flattens into a treeless, desert-like savanna grassland.<br />On the western border with Cameroon the land rises into the high granite plateau of the Karre Mountains. The Bongos Massif in the far northeast extends into Sudan.<br />Numerous tributaries of the Chair (Shari) and Longone rivers crisscross the land, central and north, while the Ubangi River system dominates the south, as it forms much of the country's southern border with the DRC.<br /><strong>Highest Pt.</strong> Mt. Kayagangiri (1,420 m)<br /><strong>Lowest Pt.</strong> Oubangui River (335 m)<br /><strong>Climate</strong> April through October is the rainy season, and in the southern part of the country, annual amounts exceed 1800 mm, and severe flooding is commonplace. The north is much drier, but some areas do receive near 750 mm of rainfall.<br />Countrywide, temperatures are hot with very high humidity. Overall, mean high temperatures are in the mid 27°C, however, daily highs are often in the high 32°C, especially in the north. Lows average in the high 16°C.<br /><br /><br /><div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-43718850590144846522007-07-04T09:20:00.000+10:002007-07-13T11:27:12.817+10:00C A N A D A<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbTjGjszmI/AAAAAAAAA9s/RKraPty_jgk/s1600-h/50Canada+British+Columbia+Pain+Le01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086485429170785890" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbTjGjszmI/AAAAAAAAA9s/RKraPty_jgk/s400/50Canada+British+Columbia+Pain+Le01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbTe2jszlI/AAAAAAAAA9k/IWxfqsW6aaI/s1600-h/49Canada+British+Columbia+Banff01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086485356156341842" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbTe2jszlI/AAAAAAAAA9k/IWxfqsW6aaI/s400/49Canada+British+Columbia+Banff01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbTaGjszkI/AAAAAAAAA9c/hiMrX-BoJko/s1600-h/48Canada+British+Columbia+Weels+Gray01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086485274551963202" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbQK2jsy7I/AAAAAAAAA4Y/_nalxICltjE/s400/09Canada+Quebec+Pont-Rouge02.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbQHmjsy6I/AAAAAAAAA4Q/3Jxj_BZlVsM/s1600-h/08Canada+Quebec+Quebec+City01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481658189499298" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbQHmjsy6I/AAAAAAAAA4Q/3Jxj_BZlVsM/s400/08Canada+Quebec+Quebec+City01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbQD2jsy5I/AAAAAAAAA4I/3qkCho9QwJk/s1600-h/07Canada+Quebec+Sherbrooke01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481593764989842" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbQD2jsy5I/AAAAAAAAA4I/3qkCho9QwJk/s400/07Canada+Quebec+Sherbrooke01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP9Gjsy4I/AAAAAAAAA4A/Y0Midn1QX6A/s1600-h/06Canada+Quebec+Montreal06.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481477800872834" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP9Gjsy4I/AAAAAAAAA4A/Y0Midn1QX6A/s400/06Canada+Quebec+Montreal06.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP4Gjsy3I/AAAAAAAAA34/2NUcseeILJ8/s1600-h/05Canada+British+Columbia+Victoria01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481391901526898" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP4Gjsy3I/AAAAAAAAA34/2NUcseeILJ8/s400/05Canada+British+Columbia+Victoria01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP1Gjsy2I/AAAAAAAAA3w/D58SHNGl1PM/s1600-h/04Canada+Quebec+Laterriere01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481340361919330" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbP1Gjsy2I/AAAAAAAAA3w/D58SHNGl1PM/s400/04Canada+Quebec+Laterriere01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPxmjsy1I/AAAAAAAAA3o/UCWPJGiln9I/s1600-h/03CanadaManitoba+Churchill01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481280232377170" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPxmjsy1I/AAAAAAAAA3o/UCWPJGiln9I/s400/03CanadaManitoba+Churchill01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPumjsy0I/AAAAAAAAA3g/5AmJiaWonlc/s1600-h/02Canada+British+Columbia+Abbotsford01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481228692769602" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPumjsy0I/AAAAAAAAA3g/5AmJiaWonlc/s400/02Canada+British+Columbia+Abbotsford01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPqGjsyzI/AAAAAAAAA3Y/LkI5lhNL5Wg/s1600-h/01Canada+Alberta+Banff+National+Park04.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5086481151383358258" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-TVMIK-O1og/RpbPqGjsyzI/AAAAAAAAA3Y/LkI5lhNL5Wg/s400/01Canada+Alberta+Banff+National+Park04.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Description</span></strong><br />Canada is a massive land, and <span style="color:#ff0000;">the second largest country on the planet</span>. It geographically and politically separates itself into (10) provinces and (3) territories, each with an individual capital city.<br />Stretching across 6 times zones, <span style="color:#ff0000;">it's home to vast mountain ranges, over two million lakes and dozens of important rivers.<br /></span>Canada has 39 national parks, over 1,000 provincial parks and nearly 50 territorial parks.<br />From its vast wilderness areas and frontier towns, to the Great Lakes and the modern cities of the south, Canada presents one of the most unique destinations on the planet.<br />The stylish red maple leaf has been the national symbol of Canada for over 150 years. Red and white are the official colors of Canada, proclaimed by King George V in 1921.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Canada<br /><strong>Population</strong> 31,720,240 (35 out of 192)<br /><strong>People</strong> British descent, French descent, Italian descent, aboriginal peoples, plus significant minorities of Irish, German, Ukrainian, Dutch, Greek, Polish and Chinese descent<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Ottawa (852,100)<br /><strong>Languages</strong> English (official), French (official)<br /><strong>Official</strong> <strong>Currency</strong> Canadian Dollar<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Catholic 46%, Protestant 36%, others<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land</span></strong><br /><strong>Land Area</strong> <span style="color:#ff0000;">9,220,970 sq km (2 out of 192)<br /></span><strong>Latitude/Longitude (Ottawa) </strong>45° 42' N, 75° 71' W<br /><strong>Highest Point</strong> <span style="color:#3333ff;">Mount Logan, 5,959 m<br /></span><strong>Weather Overview </strong>Canada has four distinct seasons, although their arrival times vary across the country. The single most significant factor in climate is latitude. As a rule of thumb, it gets colder the further north you go, so it's no accident that the warmest areas in the south are also the most populated. The western and eastern coasts are both very wet, though much of the rain falls during winter. In Saskatchewan, Manitoba and eastern Alberta the prairies are fairly dry all year. <span style="color:#3333ff;">Canadian winters are long and hard</span>: in more than two-thirds of the country, <strong><span style="color:#3333ff;">the average January temperature is a shivering -18°C</span></strong>. July and August are the warmest months, when temperatures in the south are usually in the upper 20°C.<br />---------<br />References:<br /><a href="http://www.worldatlas.com/">http://www.worldatlas.com/</a><br /><a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/">http://www.lonelyplanet.com/</a><br /><a href="http://www.trekearth.com/">http://www.trekearth.com/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-22549358788931901172007-06-29T12:52:00.000+10:002007-06-29T13:16:22.928+10:00C A M E R O O N<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwDO39swyMgxJq-vVR9yKCdKVgcNc5Z4wb_K08mRe4UQEEgVxSKOTjJwX2LI1Q_L1UxbS1E3zPPwyz7ygs7CtgTXeXIPxqGGlyZ-tp3_87Gs_jOyvjSeMNzaCJkM0l5xIVS9o/s1600-h/20Cameroon+Ekom01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5081317423374243426" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuwDO39swyMgxJq-vVR9yKCdKVgcNc5Z4wb_K08mRe4UQEEgVxSKOTjJwX2LI1Q_L1UxbS1E3zPPwyz7ygs7CtgTXeXIPxqGGlyZ-tp3_87Gs_jOyvjSeMNzaCJkM0l5xIVS9o/s400/20Cameroon+Ekom01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju6VLKDDvWGqvlGRGsVUkBhWfx53ioujTSU3C5C80sgya_ZCgiZvj46X9aVJj-0gGnksGGlN2nxtP9pAdvyd9p6-ogRLZge3xImoDt2P3MytBOFuymQI2I_kpgIs3TbA9clRG4/s1600-h/19Cameroon+Kumbo01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5081317358949733970" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlmcRu1Pjo0fW76DGsFbG9CtA_dbSz2GgvZtmm1_cuAO5Q41Qf4-U8DcMi_yXsvcRGHHIjUauGwIDMOclm_cZZt3j5H1jowpmy1tpudiJPN79V1NtzJyXE1UtmuXpOapqG7S4J/s400/03Cameroon+Littoral01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3DSZNr-ADblmQJblEOUQ7l8DOwbaF8Ez5uv7cl_3VQ3Z1DZxBrTDnwo24FmhXwPTW6OqpkCV8kJAgmd7sPYgiPkT8mDr3BJNoGl0EaJVoQkXH5RHfd6_dW7z1ZJhucCYeODe/s1600-h/02Cameroon+Maroua+01.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5081316074754512194" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3DSZNr-ADblmQJblEOUQ7l8DOwbaF8Ez5uv7cl_3VQ3Z1DZxBrTDnwo24FmhXwPTW6OqpkCV8kJAgmd7sPYgiPkT8mDr3BJNoGl0EaJVoQkXH5RHfd6_dW7z1ZJhucCYeODe/s400/02Cameroon+Maroua+01.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5081314524271318322" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLGPOWEKrSSPVQoS5kcjBAC7ZTzWS6V-mmboxAnO8jE9d5QPW71bZuXtRRuzmo0WufbkFvvTzMiJO8kSjpW_Nuvzhtilqg2aUhUgU9sIcQK4HDhQQwFNX2SabUyAicJ_T8Odew/s400/01Cameroon+Yaounde+01.jpg" border="0" /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Country Details;</span></strong> </div><div></div><div><span style="color:#ffff00;">Rainforests, elephants and lazy, lazy beaches.<br /></span></div><div>Little is known about Cameroon before 1472 when the Portuguese arrived shouting 'Camarões, camarões!' in amazement at the many giant shrimp - hence the country's name. For the next 400 years, southern Cameroon's history, like that of the rest of West Africa's Atlantic seaboard, revolved around the slave trade. Northern Cameroon, by contrast, was a battleground for various empires, notably the Kanem-Bornu in Chad. When the Germans arrived in the late 19th century, 'feudal' northern Cameroon was under the control of the Fulani empire in Sokoto (Nigeria).<br />First inhabited by the mysterious Pygmies, and then the Bantu and Sudanic peoples, Cameroon would eventually became an infamous source of slaves for Muslim and European Traders.<br />Misssionaries arrived in the mid-19th century, and the land was subsequently colonized by Germany. In the early 1900s (during World War I), it was invaded by both Britain and France, and was later divided between those two countries.<br />Cameroon first flirted with independence in 1960, but then a long series of internal political jugglings between north and south, and the bloody coups of the 1980s delayed that process until the 1990s.<br />The country is ethnically diverse with over 225 individual groups. The local economy is driven by foreign aid, a wide variety of agricultural ventures, as well as oil and timber production.<br />Tourism is limited, but those that venture in enjoy the beach areas near Kribi, the interesting capital city of Yaounde and the abundant wildlife of the national parks, and especially the elephants found in Waza National Park.<br />Outside the swelling and modernised cities of Cameroon (Cameroun), rainforests stretch from the Atlantic Ocean, giving way to savannah and semi-desert in the north. Elephants and antelope congregate by the hundreds in some of Africa's best wildlife parks, and beachcombers laze on long, isolated beaches.<br />When To GoThe best time to visit Cameroon is during the cooler, drier months of November to February. The caveat is the harmattan - the winds that blow sand south from the Sahara and turn skies sandy grey from December to February. On bad days, visibility can be reduced to 1km or even less, delaying or cancelling flights and spoiling views. As bad as this sounds, the May to November rainy season turns Cameroon into a sea of mud and makes travel even more difficult than the harmattan.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /><strong>Official Name</strong> Republic of Cameroon<br /><strong>Population </strong>17,340,702 (58 out of 192)<br /><strong>Capital City</strong> Yaounde (1.4 million)<br /><strong>Largest Cities</strong> Douala, Yaounde, Garoua, Kousse<br /><strong>Currency</strong> CFA Franc<br /><strong>National Day</strong> 20 May; Republic Day<br /><strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> 3° 87'N, 11° 52'E<br /><strong>Languages</strong> French (official), English (official), and other African dialects<br /><strong>Religions</strong> Christian, Muslim, traditional beliefs<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land</span></strong><br /><strong>Land Area</strong> 465,400 sq km (52 out of 192)<br /><strong>Landforms</strong> From the low and marshy coastal area, the land rises into a rain forest plateau. From there the land moves higher into the central Adamawa Plateau, were some elevations reach over 1200m. To the north of Benoue National Park, the land slopes into a savanna plain that extends to the shores of Lake Chad.<br />In the far southwest Cameroon is mountainous. Mt Cameroon (an active volcano), sits on the edge of the Gulf of Guinea, and it's the highest point in West Africa. Significant rivers include the Dja, Nyong and Sanaga<br /><strong>Highest Point</strong> Mt. Cameroon, 4,070 m<br /><strong>Lowest Point</strong> Atlantic Ocean, 0 m </div><div><strong>Weather Overview </strong>The north has a single wet season from April/May to September/October. The hottest months here are March to May, when temperatures can soar to 40°C, although it's a dry (and therefore generally bearable) heat. The south has a humid, equatorial climate, with rain scattered throughout the year and almost continual high humidity. The main wet season here is June to October, when secondary roads often become impassable. From March to June are the light rains. Throughout Cameroon, November to February are the driest months, though dust from harmattan winds greatly restricts visibility. These are the best months to visit, although you'll have harmattan haze during much of this time. <em>The worst months are between July and October, when it's raining almost everywhere and many roads are impassable.</em><strong> </strong></div><div><span style="color:#3333ff;">The tropical coastal areas of Cameroon receive copious amounts of rain, that in some years exceeded 9m</span>. <strong><span style="color:#3333ff;">That's right, 9m</span></strong>. While in the northern areas yearly precipitation amounts are much lower, averaging near 75cm. Drought is a way of life in the far north.<br />Daily highs in the mid 27°C are commonplace, and overall, mean temperatures average in the high 21°C; slightly warmer in the south, and a bit cooler in the western mountains.<br /></div><div>---------</div><div>References: </div><div><a href="http://www.worldatlas.com/">www.worldatlas.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/">www.lonelyplanet.com</a></div><div><a href="http://www.trekearth.com/">www.trekearth.com</a></div><div> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21569311.post-11201258672075352242007-06-25T11:51:00.000+10:002007-06-27T10:09:47.413+10:00C A M B O D I A<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7x4L_ivZ8xT3hza5V8l0UEEXtE9w0Th3JmWZ1c5ivNE1HJ3S1w-36XIJf_fFRwYUnDIudJezagbEf2NIGvrvbjq3t7fXPpK6H_VIqLNsT9r_eV6cecKDPm8Bd4WCaPXbsy5Vg/s1600-h/31+Cambodia+Siem+reap+4.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5080265394764064450" style="DISPLAY: block; 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MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiriRmxG696-6myTj9DxmGxJyz83WELj8HRaXj5nIMqOmBvN093I9hed0sX_RbxA7fZ_Jm3OOt6tEyRF4lQCaeISu8NPkp8pGSvaASaou1Tj1cGrCI3fwtu9jJZ0G63HYUal1IB/s400/03+Cambodia+Siem+reap+1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHG_inRl0O2t1Ao7tcg7CiLPVOXxdB6r-gEhlSizqk4SvvzqQ8CLMxqdmCoSU1fmS3LQkZpw81LQd3j0rMy98DkOO25pPTioJPv5rr4r-Yc_TS-ZxUQnZ-ZyX35jOVxCNa5oK/s1600-h/02+Cambodia+Phnom+Penh+7.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5080264003194660082" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCHG_inRl0O2t1Ao7tcg7CiLPVOXxdB6r-gEhlSizqk4SvvzqQ8CLMxqdmCoSU1fmS3LQkZpw81LQd3j0rMy98DkOO25pPTioJPv5rr4r-Yc_TS-ZxUQnZ-ZyX35jOVxCNa5oK/s400/02+Cambodia+Phnom+Penh+7.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZWNunxnz-OiLZwkptzZdnGHVN0E2oFUrkKsayhP8Lq8uUW3wo4eOClkovbfqqN_B0i-2KdX63EZ2h81ErhV7pAWaZS42FJRyNL3d7XpEdNfcQHEaMxdpOsxhl0yJWe0HtmlIi/s1600-h/01+Cambodia+Phnom+Penh+5.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5079817197746857186" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; CURSOR: hand; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZWNunxnz-OiLZwkptzZdnGHVN0E2oFUrkKsayhP8Lq8uUW3wo4eOClkovbfqqN_B0i-2KdX63EZ2h81ErhV7pAWaZS42FJRyNL3d7XpEdNfcQHEaMxdpOsxhl0yJWe0HtmlIi/s400/01+Cambodia+Phnom+Penh+5.jpg" border="0" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">A Brief Description about Cambodia</span></strong><br />Cambodia was at the forefront of worldwide news in 1975 as Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured the capital city of Phnom Penh, and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns.<br /> Millions of Cambodians were subsequently executed, and many more died from horrible living conditions.<br /> In 1978, a Vietnamese invasion followed by two decades of fighting drove the Khmer Rouge out, and then, in 1993, UN-sponsored elections helped restore some level of normalcy.<br /> A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces in 1998.<br /> The capital city of Phnom Penh, located where the Bassac, Sab and Mekong rivers merge, is the main entry point into the country for travelers, and most tourists journey to this far off land specifically to visit the ancient temples of Angkor Wat.<br /><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Facts and Figures</span></strong><br /> <strong>Name</strong> Cambodia (long form) Kingdom of Cambodia<br /> <strong>Population</strong> 13,607,100 (63 out of 192)<br /> <strong>Capital City</strong> Phnom Penh (1.75 million)<br /> <strong>Currency</strong> Riel (KHR)<br /> <strong>Languages</strong> Khmer (official) (95%), French, English<br /> <strong>National Day</strong> November 11<br /> <strong>Religions</strong> Theravada Buddhist (95%) Geographic Coordinates<br /> <strong>Latitude/Longitude</strong> (Capital City) 11° 35' N, 104° 55' E<br /> <strong>Relative Location</strong> Cambodia is in both the eastern and northern hemispheres. It's positioned in Southeast Asia, a recognized geographical region of the Asian continent. The country is bordered by the Gulf of Thailand, and the countries of Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.<br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Land Statistics</span></strong><br /> <strong>Coastline </strong>443 km<br /> <strong>Land Areas</strong><br /> land: 176,520 sq km </div><div> water: 4,520 sq km<br /> TOTAL: 181,040 sq km (87 out of 192)<br /> <strong>Landforms</strong> Much of Cambodia's overall land area is a series of rolling plains, north to south.<br /> Its most striking landforms include Tonle Sap Lake, and the Mekong River, which crosses the entire country as it flows through the Mekong Lowlands and on to the South China Sea.<br /> Two mountains ranges of note include the Dangret range on its northern border with Thailand, and the Cardamom range in the west.<br /> <strong>Highest Point</strong> Phnum Aoral 1,810 m<br /> <strong>Lowest Point</strong> Gulf of Thailand 0 m </div><div><strong>Climate</strong> Like most countries in Southeast Asia, Cambodia's weather revolves around monsoons, so <span style="color:#3366ff;">rainfall is significant</span>, with the heaviest amounts falling in the southeast, and mountainous coastal areas.<br /><br /></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0